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Concrete degradation may have many different causes. Concrete is mostly damaged by the corrosion of reinforcement bars due to the carbonatation of hardened cement paste or chloride attack under wet conditions. Chemical damage is caused by the formation of expansive products produced by chemical reactions (from carbonatation, chlorides, sulfates ...
A leachate evaporation pond in a landfill site located in Cancún, Mexico. A leachate is any liquid that, in the course of passing through matter, extracts soluble or suspended solids, or any other component of the material through which it has passed. Leachate is a widely used term in the environmental sciences where it has the specific ...
When T, or pH, decreases due to the cooling of concrete after setting and hardening, or because of the leaching of the concrete structure by water (immersed concrete component, such as a pile of a bridge), the sulfate ions physically adsorbed onto C-S-H are released (desorption process) into the concrete pore water and become available for the ...
Cement block construction examples from the Multiplex Manufacturing Company of Toledo, Ohio, in 1905. A cement is a binder, a chemical substance used for construction that sets, hardens, and adheres to other materials to bind them together. Cement is seldom used on its own, but rather to bind sand and gravel (aggregate) together.
Leaching is the process of a solute becoming detached or extracted from its carrier substance by way of a solvent. [ 1 ] Leaching is a naturally occurring process which scientists have adapted for a variety of applications with a variety of methods. Specific extraction methods depend on the soluble characteristics relative to the sorbent ...
Calthemite straw stalactite (right side) is bent due to direction of prevailing air movement during periods of its growth. Calthemite is a secondary deposit, derived from concrete, lime, mortar or other calcareous material outside the cave environment. [1][2] Calthemites grow on or under man-made structures and mimic the shapes and forms of ...
Concrete is a composite material composed of aggregate bonded together with a fluid cement that cures to a solid over time. Concrete is the second-most-used substance in the world after water, [ 1 ] and is the most widely used building material. [ 2 ] Its usage worldwide, ton for ton, is twice that of steel, wood, plastics, and aluminium combined.
A pervious concrete street in 2005. Pervious concrete (also called porous concrete, permeable concrete, no fines concrete and porous pavement) is a special type of concrete with a high porosity used for concrete flatwork applications that allows water from precipitation and other sources to pass directly through, thereby reducing the runoff from a site and allowing groundwater recharge.