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Bladder cancer in cats and dogs usually is transitional cell carcinoma, [1] which arises from the epithelial cells that line the bladder. Less often, cancer of the urinary bladder is squamous cell carcinoma , adenocarcinoma , or rhabdomyosarcoma .
Vestibular disease is an uncommon condition in older dogs. Most cases are idiopathic, but it can also be caused by otitis interna, or inner ear infection, tumors, and encephalitis. Signs include nystagmus, head tilt, circling, vomiting, and falling to one side. Idiopathic vestibular disease will usually resolve in a few days to a few weeks.
Age: Older people may have degeneration of neural pathways involved with bladder function and it can lead to an increased risk of postoperative urinary retention. [6] The risk of postoperative urinary retention increases up to 2.11 fold for people older than 60 years. [6]
This is important as a dog with a gallbladder mucocele which is infected will display a higher amount of white blood cells in comparison to healthy dogs. Thus a complete evaluation of all the major organ systems will be conducted during the diagnosis process. [8] Ultrasound imaging is generally the only effective and accurate diagnostic technique.
X-ray of a single, large bladder stone in a dog with a bladder located more to the rear than is usual X-ray of bladder stones in a dog X-ray of a struvite bladder stone in a cat. Bladder stones or uroliths are a common occurrence in animals, especially in domestic animals such as dogs and cats. [1]
Urinary bladder disease includes urinary bladder inflammation such as cystitis, bladder rupture and bladder obstruction (tamponade).Cystitis is common, sometimes referred to as urinary tract infection (UTI) caused by bacteria, bladder rupture occurs when the bladder is overfilled and not emptied while bladder tamponade is a result of blood clot formation near the bladder outlet.
In relation to interstitial cystitis, when noxious stimuli are present, it causes injury to the bladder mucosa resulting in recruitment of inflammatory cells. [3] Disruption of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) layer [ 14 ] along with the increased presence of mast cells , T cells , and B cells causes the bladder epithelium to become more permeable.
It is a diagnosis of exclusion which means other possible urinary diseases which could cause bladder inflammation (e.g. feline urinary tract infections or urolithiasis) are ruled out. [5] Research is still being pursued regarding the causes of cystitis in cats, though the following principal risk factors have been identified: [ 14 ]