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Georgios Nikolaou Papanikolaou (or George Papanicolaou / ˌ p æ p ə ˈ n ɪ k ə l aʊ /; Greek: Γεώργιος Ν. Παπανικολάου [papanikoˈlau]; 13 May 1883 – 19 February 1962) was a Greek physician, zoologist and microscopist who was a pioneer in cytopathology and early cancer detection, and inventor of the pap smear for detection of cervical cancer.
Cell nuclei stained blue. Papanicolaou stain (also Papanicolaou's stain and Pap stain) is a multichromatic (multicolored) cytological staining technique developed by George Papanicolaou in 1942. [1][2][3] The Papanicolaou stain is one of the most widely used stains in cytology, [1] where it is used to aid pathologists in making a diagnosis.
The Papanicolaou test (abbreviated as Pap test, also known as Pap smear (AE), [1] cervical smear (BE), cervical screening (BE), [2] or smear test (BE)) is a method of cervical screening used to detect potentially precancerous and cancerous processes in the cervix (opening of the uterus or womb) or, more rarely, anus (in both men and women). [3]
Andromachi Papanikolaou. Andromachi " Mary " Mavrogeni Papanikolaou[note 1] (1890-13 October 1982) was a Greek laboratory technician and the wife of Georgios Papanikolaou, the Greek pathologist who independently invented the pap test. For 21 years, Mary Papanikolaou volunteered to have her cervix sampled and smeared by her husband to help with ...
Cytopathology. Cytopathology (from Greek κύτος, kytos, "a hollow"; [1] πάθος, pathos, "fate, harm"; and -λογία, -logia) is a branch of pathology that studies and diagnoses diseases on the cellular level. The discipline was founded by George Nicolas Papanicolaou in 1928. Cytopathology is generally used on samples of free cells or ...
The Pap test can be used as a screening test, but produces a false negative in up to 50% of cases of cervical cancer. [47] [48] Other concerns is the cost of doing Pap tests, which make them unaffordable in many areas of the world. [49] Confirmation of the diagnosis of cervical cancer or precancer requires a biopsy of the cervix.
Kenneth M. Golden. George C. Papanicolaou (/ ˌpæpəˈnɪkəlaʊ /; born January 23, 1943) is a Greek - American mathematician who specializes in applied and computational mathematics, partial differential equations, and stochastic processes. [1] He is currently the Robert Grimmett Professor in Mathematics at Stanford University.
The following is a list of instruments that are used in modern obstetrics and gynaecology. [1][2] Instrument. Uses. Speculum. A specialized form of vaginal speculum is the weighted speculum, which consists of a broad half tube which is bent at about a 90 degree angle, with the channel of the tube on the exterior side of the angle.