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  2. List of unsolved problems in chemistry - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems...

    [4] [14] This has been achieved for several small globular proteins in recent years. [15] In 2020, it was announced that Google's AlphaFold , a neural network based on DeepMind artificial intelligence, is capable of predicting a protein's final shape based solely on its amino-acid chain with an accuracy of around 90% on a test sample of ...

  3. Chemistry - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistry

    Chemistry is the scientific study of the properties and behavior of matter. [1] It is a physical science within the natural sciences that studies the chemical elements that make up matter and compounds made of atoms, molecules and ions: their composition, structure, properties, behavior and the changes they undergo during reactions with other substances.

  4. Mathematics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics

    This principle, foundational for all mathematics, was first elaborated for geometry, and was systematized by Euclid around 300 BC in his book Elements. [ 21 ] [ 22 ] The resulting Euclidean geometry is the study of shapes and their arrangements constructed from lines, planes and circles in the Euclidean plane ( plane geometry ) and the three ...

  5. Hess's law - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hess's_law

    A representation of Hess's law (where H represents enthalpy) Hess's law of constant heat summation, also known simply as Hess's law, is a relationship in physical chemistry and thermodynamics [1] named after Germain Hess, a Swiss-born Russian chemist and physician who published it in 1840.

  6. Physical chemistry - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_chemistry

    Physical chemistry is the study of macroscopic and microscopic phenomena in chemical systems in terms of the principles, practices, and concepts of physics such as motion, energy, force, time, thermodynamics, quantum chemistry, statistical mechanics, analytical dynamics and chemical equilibria.

  7. CPT symmetry - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPT_symmetry

    The CPT invariance is not a theorem but a better to have property in these class of theories. This Particle Breaks Time Symmetry – YouTube video by Veritasium An elementary discussion of CPT violation is given in chapter 15 of this student level textbook [1]

  8. Alcohol (chemistry) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_(chemistry)

    The oxidation of secondary alcohols (R 1 R 2 CH−OH) normally terminates at the ketone (R 1 R 2 C=O) stage. Tertiary alcohols ( R 1 R 2 R 3 C−OH ) are resistant to oxidation.

  9. Reaction quotient - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaction_quotient

    In chemical thermodynamics, the reaction quotient (Q r or just Q) [1] is a dimensionless quantity that provides a measurement of the relative amounts of products and reactants present in a reaction mixture for a reaction with well-defined overall stoichiometry at a particular point in time.