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The Kesh temple hymn, Liturgy to Nintud, or Liturgy to Nintud on the creation of man and woman, is a Sumerian tablet, written on clay tablets as early as 2600 BCE. [1] Along with the Instructions of Shuruppak , it is the oldest surviving literature in the world.
The tablet is 3.4 by 2.75 by 1.2 inches (8.6 by 7.0 by 3.0 cm) at its thickest point. A larger fragment of the text was found on CBS tablet number 14152 and first published by Henry Frederick Lutz as "A hymn and incantation to Enlil" in "Selected Sumerian and Babylonian Texts", number 114 in 1919. [3]
The Zame Hymns are the oldest known collection of Mesopotamian hymns, and have been dated to Early Dynastic IIIa period. [6] More precise dating is not possible. [5]Alongside compositions from Fara discovered in 1902 and 1903, the Zame Hymns have been described by Robert D. Biggs as "testimonies of the first great flowering of Sumerian literature". [7]
— Sumerian hymn to Enlil, translated by Samuel Noah Kramer [13] Cuneiform inscription on a diorite mortar from Nippur stating that this was an offering from Gudea to Enlil ( c. 2144–2124 BC) Enlil was the patron god of the Sumerian city-state of Nippur [ 14 ] and his main center of worship was the Ekur temple located there. [ 15 ]
This was translated by George Aaron Barton in 1918 and first published as "Sumerian religious texts" in "Miscellaneous Babylonian Inscriptions", number three, entitled "Hymn to Dungi" (Dungi was later renamed to Shulgi). [1] The tablet is 7 inches (18 cm) by 5.4 inches (14 cm) by 1.6 inches (4.1 cm) at its thickest point. [2]
Shulgi generously funded Sumer's two major edubbas, those of Ur and Nippur; in return, Sumerian poets composed hymns of glorification in his honor. [ 57 ] The best-known musician of the Third Dynasty of Ur period, Dada, was a wealthy individual who held the title of gala. [ 58 ]
There is a famous Kesh temple hymn [14] about Ninhursag's temple in Kesh (hur-saĝ gal), where she is called Nintud. The goddess Nisaba appears as the temple's caretaker and decision maker. A cuneiform tablet fragment of the Kesh Temple Hymn was found at Abu Salabikh. [15] Good house, built in a good place,
Votive objects found in her primary Assyrian temple indicate that she was a popular deity among women. [51] Individuals who went against the gender binary were heavily involved in the cult of Inanna. [52] During Sumerian times, a set of priests known as gala worked in Inanna's temples, where they performed elegies and lamentations. [53]