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This can result in a deadly positive feedback loop - tumor cells produce their own mitogens, which stimulate more tumor cells to replicate, which can then produce even more mitogens. For example, consider one of the earliest oncogenes to be identified, p28sis from the simian sarcoma virus, which causes tumorigenesis in the host animal.
The growth can be a result of increased cell size (compensatory hypertrophy) or an increase in cell division (compensatory hyperplasia) or both. [3] For instance, if one kidney is surgically removed, the cells of the other kidney divide at an increased rate. [ 1 ]
Cell division can occur without cell growth, producing many progressively smaller cells (as in cleavage of the zygote), while cell growth can occur without cell division to produce a single larger cell (as in growth of neurons). Thus, cell proliferation is not synonymous with either cell growth or cell division, despite these terms sometimes ...
This hormone stimulates proliferation and differentiation of red cell precursors, which activates increased erythropoiesis in the hemopoietic tissues, ultimately producing red blood cells (erythrocytes). [2] In postnatal birds and mammals (including humans), this usually occurs within the red bone marrow. [2]
In order to create sufficient auto-reactive killer T cells, interleukin-2 must be produced, and this is supplied by CD4 + T cells. CD4 + T cells can also stimulate cells such as natural killer cells and macrophages via cytokines such as interferon-gamma, encouraging these cytotoxic cells to kill host cells in certain circumstances.
Activates T cells. IL-2 – T-cell growth factor. Stimulates IL-1 synthesis. Activates B-cells and NK cells. IL-3 – Stimulates production of all non-lymphoid cells. IL-4 – Growth factor for activated B cells, resting T cells, and mast cells. IL-5 – Induces differentiation of activated B cells and eosinophils. IL-6 – Stimulates Ig ...
Cell growth refers to an increase in the total mass of a cell, including both cytoplasmic, nuclear and organelle volume. [1] Cell growth occurs when the overall rate of cellular biosynthesis (production of biomolecules or anabolism) is greater than the overall rate of cellular degradation (the destruction of biomolecules via the proteasome, lysosome or autophagy, or catabolism).
The T-cell receptor complex with TCR-α and TCR-β chains, CD3 and ζ-chain accessory molecules. Superantigens (SAgs) are a class of antigens that result in excessive activation of the immune system. Specifically they cause non-specific activation of T-cells resulting in polyclonal T cell activation and massive cytokine release.