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  2. Two-part tariff - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-part_tariff

    A two-part tariff (TPT) is a form of price discrimination wherein the price of a product or service is composed of two parts – a lump-sum fee as well as a per-unit charge. [1] [2] In general, such a pricing technique only occurs in partially or fully monopolistic markets.

  3. Economic surplus - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_surplus

    The consumer's surplus is highest at the largest number of units for which, even for the last unit, the maximum willingness to pay is not below the market price. Consumer surplus can be used as a measurement of social welfare, shown by Robert Willig. [8] For a single price change, consumer surplus can provide an approximation of changes in welfare.

  4. Gains from trade - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gains_from_trade

    A measure of total gains from trade is the sum of consumer surplus and producer profits or, more roughly, the increased output from specialization in production with resulting trade. [8] Gains from trade may also refer to net benefits to a country from lowering barriers to trade such as tariffs on imports. [9]

  5. United States balance of trade - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_balance_of_trade

    U.S. Trade Balance (1895–2015) and Trade Policies. The 1920s marked a decade of economic growth in the United States following a classical supply side policy. [1] U.S. President Warren Harding signed the Emergency Tariff of 1921 and the Fordney–McCumber Tariff of 1922.

  6. Williamson tradeoff model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamson_tradeoff_model

    This means that the amount of consumer surplus, the area below the demand curve and above the price, will be lower. [4] The change in overall social surplus of the market depends on whether the increase in producer surplus due to lower production costs is larger or smaller than the fall in consumer surplus due to higher prices. Note that it is ...

  7. Ramsey problem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsey_problem

    The Ramsey problem, or Ramsey pricing, or Ramsey–Boiteux pricing, is a second-best policy problem concerning what prices a public monopoly should charge for the various products it sells in order to maximize social welfare (the sum of producer and consumer surplus) while earning enough revenue to cover its fixed costs.

  8. EU’s trade surplus over the U.S. surges to record $47 billion ...

    www.aol.com/finance/eu-trade-surplus-over-u...

    The EU’s trade surplus with the U.S. rose to a record high of €43.6 billion ($47.3 billion) in the first quarter of 2024, official data shows. The 27% jump from the same period last year ...

  9. Current account (balance of payments) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Current_account_(balance...

    A current account surplus increases a nation's net foreign assets by the amount of the surplus, and a current account deficit decreases it by that amount. A country's balance of trade is the net or difference between the country's exports of goods and services and its imports of goods and services, excluding all financial transfers, investments ...