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Hypercapnia (from the Greek hyper, "above" or "too much" and kapnos, "smoke"), also known as hypercarbia and CO 2 retention, is a condition of abnormally elevated carbon dioxide (CO 2) levels in the blood. Carbon dioxide is a gaseous product of the body's metabolism and is normally expelled through the lungs.
Many people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease have a low partial pressure of oxygen in the blood and high partial pressure of carbon dioxide.Treatment with supplemental oxygen may improve their well-being; alternatively, in some this can lead to the adverse effect of elevating the carbon dioxide content in the blood (hypercapnia) to levels that may become toxic.
To do this, they monitor the concentration of hydrogen ions in the blood, which decrease the pH of the blood. This can be a direct consequence of an increase in carbon dioxide concentration, because aqueous carbon dioxide in the presence of carbonic anhydrase reacts to form a proton and a bicarbonate ion. [citation needed]
3] is the concentration of bicarbonate in the blood [H 2 CO 3] is the concentration of carbonic acid in the blood; When describing arterial blood gas, the Henderson–Hasselbalch equation is usually quoted in terms of pCO 2, the partial pressure of carbon dioxide, rather than H 2 CO 3 concentration.
These polymodal sensors respond to variations in a number of blood properties, including low oxygen , high carbon dioxide (hypercapnia), and low glucose (hypoglycemia). [4] Hypoxia and hypercapnia are the most heavily studied and understood conditions detected by the peripheral chemoreceptors. Glucose is discussed in a later section.
The expected change in serum bicarbonate concentration in respiratory acidosis can be estimated as follows: [citation needed] Acute respiratory acidosis: HCO 3 − increases 1 mEq/L for each 10 mm Hg rise in PaCO 2. Chronic respiratory acidosis: HCO 3 − rises 3.5 mEq/L for each 10 mm Hg rise in PaCO 2.
Respiratory failure is classified as either Type 1 or Type 2, based on whether there is a high carbon dioxide level, and can be acute or chronic. In clinical trials, the definition of respiratory failure usually includes increased respiratory rate, abnormal blood gases (hypoxemia, hypercapnia, or both), and evidence of increased work of breathing.
Consequently, oxygenated blood has a reduced affinity for carbon dioxide. Thus, the Haldane effect describes the ability of hemoglobin to carry increased amounts of carbon dioxide (CO 2) in the deoxygenated state as opposed to the oxygenated state. Vice versa, it is true that a high concentration of CO 2 facilitates dissociation of ...