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Aortic regurgitation (AR), also known as aortic insufficiency (AI), is the leaking of the aortic valve of the heart that causes blood to flow in the reverse direction during ventricular diastole, from the aorta into the left ventricle. As a consequence, the cardiac muscle is forced to work harder than normal. [4]
Generally, diseases outlined within the ICD-10 codes G40-G47 within Chapter VI: Diseases of the nervous system should be included in this category. Subcategories This category has the following 4 subcategories, out of 4 total.
Atrial fibrillation is associated with an increased risk of heart failure, dementia, and stroke. [3] [12] It is a type of supraventricular tachycardia. [14] Atrial fibrillation frequently results from bursts of tachycardia that originate in muscle bundles extending from the atrium to the pulmonary veins. [15]
The types of SVT associated with TIC include atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, incessant atrial tachycardia, permanent junctional reciprocating tachycardia, atrioventricular reciprocating tachycardia, and atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia. [1] Atrial fibrillation is the most common and well-studied etiology of TIC. [1] [5]
About 2.3 per 1000 people have paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. [5] Problems typically begin in those 12 to 45 years old. [3] [5] Women are more often affected than men. [3] Outcomes are generally good in those who otherwise have a normal heart. [3] An ultrasound of the heart may be done to rule out underlying heart problems. [1]
Certain medications that help control the heart rate might be given, or medications that reduce the likelihood of blood clot formation and therefore prevent stroke. Also, patients might receive an implantable cardiac pacemaker, which, by constantly pacing the atrium, can reduce the chance of an AF episode.
Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is a form of heart failure in which the ejection fraction – the percentage of the volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle with each heartbeat divided by the volume of blood when the left ventricle is maximally filled – is normal, defined as greater than 50%; [1] this may be measured by echocardiography or cardiac catheterization.
Mitral valve repair is preferred to mitral valve replacement where a repair is feasible as bioprosthetic replacement valves have a limited lifespan of 10 to 15 years, whereas synthetic replacement valves require ongoing use of blood thinners to reduce the risk of stroke.