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The rare plagal half cadence involves a I–IV progression. Like an authentic cadence (V–I), the plagal half cadence involves an ascending fourth (or, by inversion, a descending fifth). [17] The plagal half cadence is a weak cadence, ordinarily at the ending of an antecedent phrase, after which a consequent phrase commences.
Diagram of a typical period consisting of two phrases [5] [6] [7]. In Western art music or Classical music, a period is a group of phrases consisting usually of at least one antecedent phrase and one consequent phrase totaling about 8 bars in length (though this varies depending on meter and tempo).
Authentic and plagal are very old terms, "deceptive cadence" might actually be borrowed from the German theorists of that time. If we're talking about scores, though, it's quite evident that Italian was the preferred language for markings through the common practice period.
This particular cadence, V–I, is known as an authentic cadence. However, since a I–V–I progression is repetitive and skips most of the circle of fifths, it is common practice to precede the dominant chord with a suitable predominant chord, such as a IV chord or a ii chord (in major ), in order to maintain interest.
The participant is an auxiliary note, generally adjacent to the mediant in authentic modes and, in the plagal forms, coincident with the reciting tone of the corresponding authentic mode (some modes have a second participant). [50] Only one accidental is used commonly in Gregorian chant – B may be lowered by a half-step to B ♭.
This is an example of a suspended chord. In reference to chords and progressions for example, a phrase ending with the following cadence IV–V, a half cadence, does not have a high degree of resolution. However, if this cadence were changed to (IV–)V–I, an authentic cadence, it would resolve much more strongly by ending on the tonic I chord.
As the Ponte serves to prolong a dominant sonority, the Indugio is a prolongation of a predominant sonority before a half cadence. In an Indugio, the melody will often highlight scale degrees 2, 4, and 6, while the bass will emphasize scale degree 4, preparing to go to scale degree 5 for the half cadence. [21]
According to Andranik Tangian, [7] analytical phrasing can be quite subjective, the only point is that it should follow a certain logic. For example, Webern’s Klangfarbenmelodie-styled orchestral arrangement of Ricercar from Bach’s Musical offering demonstrates Webern’s analytical phrasing of the theme, which is quite subjective on the one hand but, on the other hand, logically consistent: