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Betacel is considered to be the first commercially successful betavoltaic battery. [1] [2] [3] It was developed in the early 1970s by Larry C. Olsen at the American corporation McDonnell Douglas, using the radioisotope Promethium-147 as the beta-electron source coupled to silicon semiconductor cells.
Betavolt claims it to be the first such miniaturised device ever developed. [14] It gains its energy from a sheet of nickel-63 located in a module the size of a very small coin. [12] [14] The isotope decays into stable, non-radioactive Cu-63, which pose no additional environmental threat.
A typical residential water meter A typical residential digital electric submeter Before submetering, many landlords either included the utility cost in the bulk price of the rent or lease , or divided the utility usage among the tenants in some way such as equally, by square footage via allocation methods often called RUBS (Ratio Utility ...
Diamond battery is the name of a nuclear battery concept proposed by the University of Bristol Cabot Institute during its annual lecture [1] held on 25 November 2016 at the Wills Memorial Building.
The Chinese startup Betavolt claimed in January 2024 to have a miniature device in the pilot testing stage. [13] It is allegedly generating 100 microwatts of power and a voltage of 3V and has a lifetime of 50 years without any need for charging or maintenance. [13] Betavolt claims it to be the first such miniaturised device ever developed. [13]
Water meter in Belo Horizonte. Displacement meters are commonly referred to as Positive Displacement, or "PD" meters. Two common types are oscillating piston meters and nutating disk meters. Either method relies on the water to physically displace the moving measuring element in direct proportion to the amount of water that passes through the ...
Portable, or field pH meters, are handheld pH meters that are used to take the pH of a sample in a field or production site. [19] In-line or in situ pH meters, also called pH analyzers, are used to measure pH continuously in a process, and can stand-alone, or be connected to a higher level information system for process control. [20]
Mason developed experimental methods and results that indicate the first reaction of alkali metals and water was coulombic (that is, electrical charge forces) in nature which shatters and drives the metal in an extremely pure state into the water, causing both further coulombic and water dissociation.