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It is used to differentiate whether the blood coming out of vagina is of the mother or fetus during delivery i.e, placenta previa versus vasa previa. It is based on the principle that fetal HbF is resistant to acids and alkali whereas the mother's blood which has HbA is sensitive to acid and alkaline.
Oyelese et al. found that 2/3 of patient with vasa previa at delivery had a low-lying placenta or placenta previa that resolved prior to the time of delivery. There are three types of vasa previa. Types 1 and 2 were described by Catanzarite et al. In Type 1, there is a velamentous insertion with vessels running over the cervix.
Vasa praevia is a very rare, presenting only 4:10,000 cases from the largest study of the condition. [16] Risks of antepartum bleeding due to vasa praevia greatly increase during the third trimester of pregnancy during cervical dilation or placenta praevia .
644.1 Other threatened labor; 644.2 Early onset of delivery; 645 Prolonged pregnancy. 645.1 Post term pregnancy; 645.2 Prolonged pregnancy; 646 Other complications of pregnancy, not elsewhere classified 646.0 Papyraceous fetus; 646.1 Edema or excessive weight gain in pregnancy without mention of hypertension
Diabetes is the leading known cause of neuropathy in developed countries, and neuropathy is the most common complication and greatest source of morbidity and mortality in diabetes. A systematic review has found that diabetic peripheral neuropathy affects 30% of diabetes patients. [1]
According to these gestational diabetes mellitus should be diagnosed at any time in pregnancy if one of the following criteria are met, using a 75 g glucose OGTT: [citation needed] Fasting blood glucose level ≥92 mg/dL (5.1 mmol/L) 1 hour blood glucose level ≥180 mg/dL (10 mmol/L) 2 hour blood glucose level ≥153 mg/dL (8.5 mmol/L)
Slowly evolving immune-mediated diabetes, or latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA), is a form of diabetes that exhibits clinical features similar to both type 1 diabetes (T1D) and type 2 diabetes (T2D), [3] [4] and is sometimes referred to as type 1.5 diabetes. [5] It is an autoimmune form of diabetes, similar to T1D, but patients with ...
This test, unlike the other tests, is measured as a percentage because the test measure the proportion of all the hemoglobin that has glucose attached. [2] [10] This test measures the average amount of diabetic control over a period of about 3 months. [10] In non-diabetic people, the HbA1c level ranges from 4.0 to 5.7%. [10]