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  2. Phase (waves) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_(waves)

    Conversely, a phase reversal or phase inversion implies a 180-degree phase shift. [ 2 ] When the phase difference φ ( t ) {\displaystyle \varphi (t)} is a quarter of turn (a right angle, +90° = π/2 or −90° = 270° = −π/2 = 3π/2 ), sinusoidal signals are sometimes said to be in quadrature , e.g., in-phase and quadrature components of a ...

  3. Phase velocity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_velocity

    The phase velocity of a wave is the rate at which the wave propagates in any medium. This is the velocity at which the phase of any one frequency component of the wave travels. For such a component, any given phase of the wave (for example, the crest) will appear to travel at the phase velocity.

  4. Optical path length - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_path_length

    The optical path difference between the paths taken by two identical waves can then be used to find the phase change. Finally, using the phase change, the interference between the two waves can be calculated. Fermat's principle states that the path light takes between two points is the path that has the minimum optical path length.

  5. Fresnel equations - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresnel_equations

    The phase shift of the reflected wave on total internal reflection can similarly be obtained from the phase angles of r p and r s (whose magnitudes are unity in this case). These phase shifts are different for s and p waves, which is the well-known principle by which total internal reflection is used to effect polarization transformations .

  6. Sagnac effect - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagnac_effect

    The phase shift is =, which causes fringes to shift in proportion to and . At non-relativistic speeds, the Sagnac effect is a simple consequence of the source independence of the speed of light. In other words, the Sagnac experiment does not distinguish between pre-relativistic physics and relativistic physics.

  7. Total internal reflection - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_internal_reflection

    The phase shift turns out to be an advance, which grows as the incidence angle increases beyond the critical angle, but which depends on the polarization of the incident wave. In equations ( 5 ), ( 7 ), ( 8 ), ( 10 ), and ( 11 ), we advance the phase by the angle ϕ if we replace ωt by ωt + ϕ (that is, if we replace − ωt by − ωt − ϕ ...

  8. Orbit phasing - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbit_phasing

    To find some of the phasing orbital parameters, first one must find the required period time of the phasing orbit using the following equation. = where T 1 is defined as period of original orbit; T 2 is defined as period of phasing orbit; t is defined as time elapsed to cover phase angle in original orbit

  9. Phase factor - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_factor

    For any complex number written in polar form (such as r e iθ), the phase factor is the complex exponential (e iθ), where the variable θ is the phase of a wave or other periodic function. The phase factor is a unit complex number, i.e. a complex number of absolute value 1. It is commonly used in quantum mechanics and optics.