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Adults are described as having four attachment styles: [13] Secure; Anxious preoccupied; Dismissive avoidant; Fearful avoidant; These attachment styles in adults correspond to the secure attachment style, the anxious-ambivalent attachment style, the anxious-avoidant attachment style, and the disorganized attachment style respectively in children.
An attachment figure for children may be one or both parents or other close caregiver, and for adults a romantic partner. An attachment figure is someone to whom a person is most likely to turn to under stress. [18] That person may be a stronger, wiser, and trusted (even if not always safe or protective) person. [19]
"Attachment disorder" is an ambiguous term, which may refer to reactive attachment disorder or to the more problematic insecure attachment styles (although none of these are clinical disorders). It may also be used to refer to proposed new classification systems put forward by theorists in the field, [ 247 ] and is used within attachment ...
Development of the adult attachment theory and adult attachment measures in the 1990s provided researchers with the means to apply the attachment theory to health in a more systematic way. [3] Since that time, it has been used to understand variations in stress response, health outcomes and health behaviour.
Scores on the anxiety and avoidance scales can still be used to classify people into the four adult attachment styles. [66] [68] [69] The four styles of attachment defined in Bartholomew and Horowitz's model were based on thoughts about self and thoughts about partners. The anxiety scale in the ECR and ECR-R reflect thoughts about self.
Erik Erikson and Carl Jung proposed stage theories [2] [3] of human development that encompass the entire life span, and emphasized the potential for positive change very late in life. The concept of adulthood has legal and socio-cultural definitions. The legal definition [4] of an adult is a person who is fully grown or developed.
Family and childhood experiences can have a significant impact on the development of an individual's personality. Here are some ways in which family and childhood experiences can affect personality development: Attachment style: Attachment refers to the emotional bond that an infant develops with their primary caregiver.
Attachment theory was finally presented in 1969 in Attachment the first volume of the Attachment and Loss trilogy. [30] The second and third volumes, Separation: Anxiety and Anger and Loss: Sadness and Depression followed in 1972 and 1980 respectively. [31] [32] Attachment was revised in 1982 to incorporate more recent research. [33]
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