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CA-125 was initially detected using the murine monoclonal antibody designated OC125. Robert Bast, Robert Knapp and their research team first isolated this monoclonal antibody in 1981. [28] The protein was named "cancer antigen 125" because OC125 was the 125th antibody produced against the ovarian cancer cell line that was being studied. [29]
Mainly pancreatic cancer, but also colorectal cancer and other types of gastrointestinal cancer. [11] CA-125: Mainly ovarian cancer, [12] but may also be elevated in for example endometrial cancer, fallopian tube cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer and gastrointestinal cancer. [13] Calcitonin: medullary thyroid carcinoma [14] Calretinin
CA19-9 can be elevated in many types of gastrointestinal cancer, such as colorectal cancer, esophageal cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma. [1] Apart from cancer, elevated levels may occur in pancreatitis, cirrhosis, [1] and diseases of the bile ducts. [1] [3] It can also be elevated in people with obstruction of the bile ducts. [3]
Reference ranges (reference intervals) for blood tests are sets of values used by a health professional to interpret a set of medical test results from blood samples. Reference ranges for blood tests are studied within the field of clinical chemistry (also known as "clinical biochemistry", "chemical pathology" or "pure blood chemistry"), the ...
Tumor antigen is an antigenic substance produced in tumor cells, i.e., it triggers an immune response in the host. Tumor antigens are useful tumor markers in identifying tumor cells with diagnostic tests and are potential candidates for use in cancer therapy .
In this case, the tumor-reactive T cells can be engineered to express recombinant or chimeric T-cell receptors against common tumor antigens where CT antigens could be a high priority target. Their frequent expression in many types of cancer makes CT antigen-directed T-cell therapy applicable to many types of cancer. [11]
The results were promising but a number of patients demostrated immune responses and they had to withdraw from participating in the clinical trial. [28] The cT84.66 antibody was huminized and in 2020, a phase I clinical trial was performed during which 18 cancer patients received an injection of 90Y-DOTA-M5A. [29]
These tumors frequently co-occur with endometriosis or endometrial cancer. [29] [80] Cancer antigen 125 levels are typically elevated and a family history of a first degree relative with endometrioid ovarian cancer is associated with increased risk of developing endometrioid ovarian cancer. [80] The average tumor size is larger than 10 cm. [80]