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  2. Zener diode - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zener_diode

    It is also worth noting that the temperature coefficient of a 4.7 V Zener diode is close to that of the emitter-base junction of a silicon transistor at around −2 mV/°C, so in a simple regulating circuit where the 4.7 V diode sets the voltage at the base of an NPN transistor (i.e. their coefficients are acting in parallel), the emitter will ...

  3. Noise generator - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise_generator

    Zener diode based noise source. A noise generator is a circuit that produces electrical noise (i.e., a random signal). Noise generators are used to test signals for measuring noise figure, frequency response, and other parameters. Noise generators are also used for generating random numbers. [1]

  4. Diode modelling - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diode_modelling

    The Shockley diode equation relates the diode current of a p-n junction diode to the diode voltage .This relationship is the diode I-V characteristic: = (), where is the saturation current or scale current of the diode (the magnitude of the current that flows for negative in excess of a few , typically 10 −12 A).

  5. TL431 - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TL431

    Reference voltage vs free-air temperature at test conditions. Design-center (middle plot) and worst-case deviation of ±2% (upper and lower plots) [12] The nominal reference voltage, V REF =2.495 V, stated in a datasheet, is tested in zener mode at an ambient temperature of +25 °C (77 °F), and I CA =10 mA. [13]

  6. Voltage-regulator tube - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage-regulator_tube

    In most cases, this can be easily filtered out by placing a small capacitor in parallel with the VR tube or using an RC decoupling network downstream of the VR tube. Too large a capacitance (>0.1 μF for an 0D3, for instance), however, and the circuit will form a relaxation oscillator , definitely ruining the voltage regulation and possibly ...

  7. Zener effect - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zener_effect

    In electronics, the Zener effect (employed most notably in the appropriately named Zener diode) is a type of electrical breakdown, discovered by Clarence Melvin Zener. It occurs in a reverse biased p-n diode when the electric field enables tunneling of electrons from the valence to the conduction band of a semiconductor , leading to numerous ...

  8. Load line (electronics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Load_line_(electronics)

    In graphical analysis of nonlinear electronic circuits, a load line is a line drawn on the current–voltage characteristic graph for a nonlinear device like a diode or transistor. It represents the constraint put on the voltage and current in the nonlinear device by the external circuit.

  9. LTZ1000 - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LTZ1000

    The LTZ1000 is a high-precision, ultra-stable Zener diode voltage reference originally developed by Carl Nelson for Linear Technology (now Analog Devices). It consists of a Zener reference packaged along with an integrated heater and temperature sensor designed to hold the device at a constant temperature for improved stability. [1] [2]

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