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Economy of force is one of the nine Principles of War, based upon Carl von Clausewitz's approach to warfare. It is the principle of employing all available combat power in the most effective way possible, in an attempt to allocate a minimum of essential combat power to any secondary efforts.
Merriam-Webster's Dictionary named the word austerity as its "Word of the year" for 2010 because of the number of web searches this word generated that year. According to the president and publisher of the dictionary, " austerity had more than 250,000 searches on the dictionary's free online [website] tool" and the spike in searches "came with ...
Unnecessary health care (overutilization, overuse, or overtreatment) is health care provided with a higher volume or cost than is appropriate. [1] In the United States, where health care costs are the highest as a percentage of GDP, overuse was the predominant factor in its expense, accounting for about a third of its health care spending ($750 billion out of $2.6 trillion) in 2012.
In a cash flow statement (flow of funds statement), expenditures are divided into three categories: Operating: Operational expense – salary for employees; Investing: Capital expenditure – buying equipment; Expenditures (financial) Financing expense – interest expense for loans and bonds
A demand is usually seen as artificial when it increases consumer utility very inefficiently; for example, a physician prescribing unnecessary surgeries would create artificial demand. [3] Government spending with the primary purpose of providing jobs (rather than delivering any other end product) has been labelled "artificial demand". [4]
In economics, an externality is an indirect cost (external cost) or benefit (external benefit) to an uninvolved third party that arises as an effect of another party's (or parties') activity.
As for any other normal good, an income rise will lead to a rise in demand, but the increase for a necessity good is less than proportional to the rise in income, so the proportion of expenditure on these goods falls as income rises. [2] If income elasticity of demand is lower than unity, it is a necessity good. [3]
Shephard's lemma is a result in microeconomics having applications in the theory of the firm and in consumer choice. [1] The lemma states that if indifference curves of the expenditure or cost function are convex, then the cost-minimizing point of a given good with price is unique.