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Synostosis (from Ancient Greek συν- (syn-) 'together' and ὀστέον (ostéon) 'bone'; plural: synostoses) is fusion of two or more bones. It can be normal in puberty (e.g. fusion of the epiphyseal plate to become the epiphyseal line), or abnormal. When synostosis is abnormal it is a type of dysostosis. Examples of synostoses include:
Cells at the center of this interzone region undergo cell death to form the joint cavity, while surrounding mesenchyme cells will form the articular capsule and supporting ligaments. The process of endochondral ossification, which converts the cartilage models into bone, begins by the twelfth week of embryonic development.
Most fibrous joints are also called "fixed" or "immovable". These joints have no joint cavity and are connected via fibrous connective tissue. Sutures: The skull bones are connected by fibrous joints called sutures. [1] In fetal skulls, the sutures are wide to allow slight movement during birth. They later become rigid (synarthrodial).
Despite this low number of MSC's, isolated bone marrow nucleated cells implanted into degenerated human peripheral joints have shown some promise for joint repair. [16] As the number of MSC's that can be isolated from bone marrow is fairly limited, most research in cartilage regeneration has focused on the use of culture-expanded cells.
When the structures outside the joint are affected, the term "false ankylosis" has been used in contradistinction to "true ankylosis", in which the disease is within the joint. When inflammation has caused the joint-ends of the bones to be fused together, the ankylosis is termed osseous or complete and is an instance of synostosis. Excision of ...
Secondary cartilaginous joints are known as "symphysis".These include fibrocartilaginous and hyaline joints, which usually occur at the midline. Some examples of secondary cartilaginous joints in human anatomy would be the manubriosternal joint (between the manubrium and the body of the sternum), intervertebral discs, and the pubic symphysis.
The inner lining of the joint consists of the synovium (also called the synovial membrane), a thin layer located between the joint capsule and the joint cavity. The word "synovium" is derived from the word "synovia" (or synovial fluid ), which is a clear, viscous fluid produced by the synovium, and its main purpose is to reduce friction between ...
Histology of a synovial membrane. H&E stain. The synovial membrane is variable but often has two layers: [4] The outer layer, or subintima, can be of almost any type of connective tissue – fibrous (dense collagenous type), adipose (fatty; e.g. in intra-articular fat pads) or areolar (loose collagenous type).