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The Channel Tunnel (French: Tunnel sous la Manche), sometimes referred to by the portmanteau Chunnel, [3] [4] is a 50.46-kilometre (31.35-mile) undersea railway tunnel, opened in 1994, that connects Folkestone (Kent, England) with Coquelles (Pas-de-Calais, France) beneath the English Channel at the Strait of Dover.
The oldest underwater rail tunnel in the world, crossing the Mersey in Liverpool: 1.21 km: 1881–1886 Severn Tunnel: Wales – England: One of the oldest underwater rail tunnels in the world: 7.01 km: 1873–1886 Blackwall Tunnel (western) London, England: The oldest underwater vehicular tunnel in the world, crossing the Thames in London: 1.35 ...
The shell is of a unique construction, with three layers; the outer layer consists of iron sulphides, the middle layer is equivalent to the organic periostracum found in other gastropods, and the innermost layer is made of aragonite. The foot is also unusual, being armored at the sides with iron-mineralised sclerites.
Submarine volcanoes are underwater vents or fissures in the Earth's surface from which magma can erupt. Many submarine volcanoes are located near areas of tectonic plate formation, known as mid-ocean ridges. The volcanoes at mid-ocean ridges alone are estimated to account for 75% of the magma output on Earth. [1]
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Located on the Juan de Fuca Ridge in the Pacific Ocean, the underwater shield volcano last erupted in 2015, following previous eruptions in 1998 and 2011. The volcano, first detected in the 1970s ...
Special tunnels, such as wildlife crossings, are built to allow wildlife to cross human-made barriers safely. [5] Tunnels can be connected together in tunnel networks . A tunnel is relatively long and narrow; the length is often much greater than twice the diameter , although similar shorter excavations can be constructed, such as cross ...
2022: Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai, Tonga. On Jan. 1, an underwater volcano near Tonga exploded, sending a plume of ash and steam more than 12 miles into the atmosphere in an event that was powerful ...