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In mathematics, the logarithmic integral function or integral logarithm li(x) is a special function. It is relevant in problems of physics and has number theoretic significance. In particular, according to the prime number theorem , it is a very good approximation to the prime-counting function , which is defined as the number of prime numbers ...
For a complete list of integral functions, see list of integrals. Note: x > 0 is assumed throughout this article, and the constant of integration is omitted for simplicity. Integrals involving only logarithmic functions
In integral calculus, Euler's formula for complex numbers may be used to evaluate integrals involving trigonometric functions.Using Euler's formula, any trigonometric function may be written in terms of complex exponential functions, namely and and then integrated.
Integrands of the form x m (A + B x n) (a + b x n) p (c + d x n) q [ edit ] The resulting integrands are of the same form as the original integrand, so these reduction formulas can be repeatedly applied to drive the exponents m , p and q toward 0.
Such complex logarithm functions are analogous to the real logarithm function: >, which is the inverse of the real exponential function and hence satisfies e ln x = x for all positive real numbers x. Complex logarithm functions can be constructed by explicit formulas involving real-valued functions, by integration of 1 / z {\displaystyle 1/z ...
The natural logarithm of a positive, real number a may be defined as the area under the graph of the hyperbola with equation y = 1/x between x = 1 and x = a. This is the integral [4] =. If a is in (,), then the region has negative area, and the logarithm is negative.
X, the social media firm formerly known as Twitter which Musk owns, is separate from xAI, but the companies work closely together. xAI also works with his electric car maker Tesla and other companies.
Plot of the exponential integral function E n(z) with n=2 in the complex plane from -2-2i to 2+2i with colors created with Mathematica 13.1 function ComplexPlot3D In mathematics, the exponential integral Ei is a special function on the complex plane .