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  2. Steel plate shear wall - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel_plate_shear_wall

    An SPW frame can be idealized as a vertical cantilever plate girder, in which the steel plates act as the web, the columns act as the flanges and the cross beams represent the transverse stiffeners. The theory that governs plate design should not be used in the design of SPW structures since the relatively high bending strength and stiffness of ...

  3. Column - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Column

    Reinforced concrete and masonry columns are generally built directly on top of concrete foundations. When seated on a concrete foundation, a steel column must have a base plate to spread the load over a larger area, and thereby reduce the bearing pressure.

  4. Reinforced concrete column - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinforced_Concrete_Column

    Tied columns have closed lateral ties spaced approximately uniformly across the column. The spacing of the ties is limited in that they must be close enough to prevent barreling failure between them, and far enough apart that they do not interfere with the setting of the concrete. The ACI codebook puts an upward limit on the spacing between ties.

  5. Rigid line inclusion - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigid_line_inclusion

    A rigid line inclusion, also called stiffener, is a mathematical model used in solid mechanics to describe a narrow hard phase, dispersed within a matrix material.This inclusion is idealised as an infinitely rigid and thin reinforcement, so that it represents a sort of ‘inverse’ crack, from which the nomenclature ‘anticrack’ derives.

  6. Strap footing - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strap_footing

    A strap footing is a component of a building's foundation. It is a type of combined footing, [1] consisting of two or more column footings connected by a concrete beam. This type of beam is called a strap beam. It is used to help distribute the weight of either heavily or eccentrically loaded column footings to adjacent footings. [2]

  7. Reinforced concrete - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinforced_concrete

    Rebar for foundations and walls of a sewage pump station. The Paulins Kill Viaduct , Hainesburg, New Jersey, is 115 feet (35 m) tall and 1,100 feet (335 m) long, and was heralded as the largest reinforced concrete structure in the world when it was completed in 1910 as part of the Lackawanna Cut-Off rail line project.

  8. Anchor bolt - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anchor_bolt

    Column-to-foundation connection [1] Anchor bolts are used to connect structural and non-structural elements to concrete. [2] The connection can be made by a variety of different components: anchor bolts (also named fasteners), steel plates, or stiffeners. Anchor bolts transfer different types of load: tension forces and shear forces. [3]

  9. Orthotropic deck - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthotropic_deck

    Finally, the stiffeners increase the resistance of the plate to buckling. The same structural effects are also true of the concrete slab in a composite girder bridge, but the steel orthotropic deck is considerably lighter, and therefore allows longer span bridges to be more efficiently designed.