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  2. Deadweight loss - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadweight_loss

    Where a tax increases linearly, the deadweight loss increases as the square of the tax increase. This means that when the size of a tax doubles, the base and height of the triangle double. Thus, doubling the tax increases the deadweight loss by a factor of 4. The varying deadweight loss from a tax also affects the government's total tax revenue.

  3. Economic surplus - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_surplus

    An example of a good with generally high consumer surplus is drinking water. People would pay very high prices for drinking water, as they need it to survive. The difference in the price that they would pay, if they had to, and the amount that they pay now is their consumer surplus.

  4. Monopsony - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monopsony

    This is a net social loss and is called deadweight loss. It is a measure of the market failure caused by monopsony power, through a wasteful misallocation of resources. As the diagram suggests, the size of both effects increases with the difference between the marginal revenue product MRP and the market wage determined on the supply curve S ...

  5. Artificial scarcity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_scarcity

    The clearest example is a monopoly, where a single producer has complete control over supply and can extract a monopoly price. An oligopoly - a small number of producers - can also sustain an undersupply if no producers attempt to gain market share with lower prices at higher volume. Lack of supply competition can arise in many different ways:

  6. Ramsey problem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsey_problem

    An easier way to solve this problem in a two-output context is the Ramsey condition. According to Ramsey, in order to minimize deadweight losses, one must increase prices to rigid and elastic demands/supplies in the same proportion, in relation to the prices that would be charged at the first-best solution (price equal to marginal cost).

  7. Monopoly - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monopoly

    If the monopoly were permitted to charge individualised prices (this is termed third degree price discrimination), the quantity produced, and the price charged to the marginal customer, would be identical to that of a competitive company, thus eliminating the deadweight loss; however, all gains from trade (social welfare) would accrue to the ...

  8. Market structure - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_structure

    The total surplus of perfect competition market is the highest. And the total surplus of imperfect competition market is lower. In the monopoly market, if the monopoly firm can adopt first-level price discrimination, the consumer surplus is zero and the monopoly firm obtains all the benefits in the market. [15]

  9. Price discrimination - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Price_discrimination

    Hence first degree price discrimination can eliminate deadweight loss that occurs in monopolistic markets. [22] Examples of first degree price discrimination can be observed in markets where consumers bid for tenders, though, in this case, the practice of collusive tendering could reduce the market efficiency.