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Receptor-mediated degradation of glycerophospholipids by phospholipases A(l), A(2), C, and D results in generation of second messengers, such as prostaglandins, eicosanoids, platelet activating factor and diacylglycerol. Thus, neural membrane phospholipids are a reservoir for second messengers.
The lysophospholipid receptor (LPL-R) group are members of the G protein-coupled receptor family of integral membrane proteins that are important for lipid signaling. [1] In humans, there are eleven LPL receptors , each encoded by a separate gene.
Lipid transfer proteins facilitate the exchange of PI and PA between membranes, ensuring its availability for receptor mechanisms on the plasma membrane, even in organelles like mitochondria incapable of PI synthesis. [20] [21] [22] Depicting the process of hydrolysis and biosynthesis at the plasma membrane and Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER).
IFN-α receptor [28] IFN-γ receptor [ 28 ] In the case of an inflammation, the application of glucocorticoids up-regulate (mediated at the gene level) the production of the protein lipocortin which may inhibit cPLA 2 and reduce the inflammatory response.
The binding of agonists such as thrombin, epinephrine, or collagen, to platelet surface receptors can trigger the activation of phospholipase C to catalyze the release of arachidonic acid from two major membrane phospholipids, phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylcholine.
Common lipid signaling molecules: lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) platelet activating factor (PAF) anandamide or arachidonoyl ethanolamine (AEA). Lipid signaling, broadly defined, refers to any biological cell signaling event involving a lipid messenger that binds a protein target, such as a receptor, kinase or phosphatase, which in turn mediate the effects of these ...
Enzyme-linked receptors (or catalytic receptors) are transmembrane receptors that, upon activation by an extracellular ligand, causes enzymatic activity on the intracellular side. [33] Hence a catalytic receptor is an integral membrane protein possessing both enzymatic , catalytic , and receptor functions.
The binding of a ligand to the receptor causes a conformation change in the receptor. This conformation change can affect the activity of the receptor and result in the production of active second messengers. [citation needed] In the case of G protein-coupled receptors, the conformation change exposes a binding site for a G-protein.