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  2. Sense and reference - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sense_and_reference

    Sense is something possessed by a name, whether or not it has a reference. For example, the name "Odysseus" is intelligible, and therefore has a sense, even though there is no individual object (its reference) to which the name corresponds. The sense of different names is different, even when their reference is the same.

  3. Frege's puzzles - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frege's_puzzles

    Frege's puzzles are puzzles about the semantics of proper names, although related puzzles also arise in the case of indexicals. Gottlob Frege (1848–1925) introduced the puzzle at the beginning of his article "Über Sinn und Bedeutung" ("On Sense and Reference") in 1892 in one of the most influential articles in analytic philosophy and philosophy of language.

  4. Descriptivist theory of names - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descriptivist_theory_of_names

    In the philosophy of language, the descriptivist theory of proper names (also descriptivist theory of reference) [1] is the view that the meaning or semantic content of a proper name is identical to the descriptions associated with it by speakers, while their referents are determined to be the objects that satisfy these descriptions.

  5. Semantics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics

    Semantics studies meaning in language, which is limited to the meaning of linguistic expressions. It concerns how signs are interpreted and what information they contain. An example is the meaning of words provided in dictionary definitions by giving synonymous expressions or paraphrases, like defining the meaning of the term ram as adult male sheep. [22]

  6. Two-dimensionalism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-dimensionalism

    Two-dimensionalism is an approach to semantics in analytic philosophy. It is a theory of how to determine the sense and reference of a word and the truth-value of a sentence. It is intended to resolve the puzzle: How is it possible to discover empirically that a necessary truth is true? Two-dimensionalism provides an analysis of the semantics ...

  7. Theory of descriptions - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_descriptions

    In Reference and Existence, [5] Saul Kripke argues that while Donnellan is correct to point out two uses of the phrase, it does not follow that the phrase is ambiguous between two meanings. For example, when the reporter finds out that Jones, the person she has been calling Smith's murderer did not murder Smith, she will admit that her use of ...

  8. Reference - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference

    In art, a reference is an item from which a work is based. This may include: an existing artwork; a reproduction (i.e., a photo) a directly observed object (e.g., a person) the artist's memory; Another example of reference is samples of various musical works being incorporated into a new one.

  9. Causal theory of reference - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causal_theory_of_reference

    Causal theories of reference were born partially in response to the widespread acceptance of Russellian descriptive theories. Russell found that certain logical contradictions could be avoided if names were considered disguised definite descriptions (a similar view is often attributed to Gottlob Frege, mostly on the strength of a footnoted comment in "On Sense and Reference", although many ...