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The Harvard Psilocybin Project was a series of experiments in psychology conducted by Timothy Leary and Richard Alpert.The founding board of the project consisted of Leary, Aldous Huxley, David McClelland (Leary's and Alpert's superior at Harvard University), [21] Frank Barron, Ralph Metzner, and two graduate students who were working on a project with mescaline.
The Maya, Olmecs, and Aztecs have well-documented entheogenic complexes. [3] North American cultures also have a tradition of entheogens. In South America, especially in Peru, the archaeological study of cultures like Chavin, Cupisnique, Nazca [4] and Moche, [5] have demonstrated the use of entheogens through archaeobotanical, iconographic and paraphernalia.
Entheogens are psychoactive substances, including psychedelic drugs (such as magic mushrooms) used throughout history in sacred contexts.. Entheogens have been used in various ways, including as part of established religious rituals and as aids for personal spiritual development.
Nicotiana rustica (Maya: piziet). Tobacco (Nicotiana spp.) contains the alkaloid nicotine, which affects the nervous system.Tobacco was smoked, inhaled, chewed, and occasionally mixed with the leaves of Datura, (another genus in the family Solanaceae, but, unlike Nicotiana, one rich in deliriant tropane alkaloids), which enhanced the hallucinogenic effect of the activity.
There are many pieces of archaeological evidence in reference to the use of entheogens early in the history of Mesoamerica. Olmec burial sites with remains of the Bufo toad (Bufo marinus), Maya mushroom effigies, [dubious – discuss] and Spanish writings all point to a heavy involvement with psychoactive substances in the Aztec lifestyle.
Many man-made chemicals with little human history have been recognized to catalyze intense spiritual experiences, and many synthetic entheogens are simply slight modifications of their naturally occurring counterparts.
Articles related to Entheogens.In strict sense entheogen means any substance which traditionally has been used in religious, shamanic, or spiritual context. More broadly, the term entheogen is used to refer to any psychoactive substances when used for their religious or spiritual effects, whether or not in a formal religious or traditional structure.
Cannabis has served as an entheogen—a chemical substance used in religious or spiritual contexts [1] —in the Indian subcontinent since the Vedic period dating back to approximately 1500 BCE, but perhaps as far back as 2000 BCE.