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The main advantage of the reverse-flow cylinder head is that both the entering inlet charge and the exiting exhaust gas cause a tendency to swirl in the same direction in the combustion chamber. [1] In a crossflow head the inlet and exhaust gases promote swirl in opposite directions so that during overlap the swirl changes directions.
DENSO Corporation (株式会社デンソー, Kabushiki-Gaisha Densō) is a global automotive components manufacturer headquartered in the city of Kariya, Aichi Prefecture, Japan. [ 4 ] After becoming independent from Toyota Motor , the company was founded as Nippon Denso Co. Ltd. ( 日本電装株式会社 , Nippon Densō Kabushiki-Gaisha ) in ...
The Volvo Engine Architecture [13] (VEA) is a family of straight-three and straight-four automobile petrol and diesel engines produced by Volvo Cars in Skövde, [30] Sweden, since 2013, [31] Zhangjiakou, [32] China, since 2016 [33] and Tanjung Malim, Malaysia, since 2022 by Proton. [34]
It is a series of water-cooled inline three-and inline four-cylinder petrol and diesel engines, in a variety of displacement sizes. This overhead camshaft engine features a crossflow cylinder head design, and directly driven auxiliary units. [clarification needed] The exhaust side is in driving direction, closest to the front of the vehicle.
The block was cast iron, with an alloy head. It featured a four main bearing crankshaft, a balance shaft, and a Bosch VE3/10 fuel injection pump. A KKK 14 turbocharger was used, with an intercooler for the facelifted 'Nuova 33' of 1990. [4] Although out of production, this was the biggest three-cylinder engine ever made for a car. Applications:
The Series 92 engines were introduced in 1974. [8] Compared to the Series 71 engines they were derived from, the Series 92 featured a larger bore of 4.84025 ± 0.00125 in (122.942 ± 0.032 mm) and an identical stroke of 5 in (130 mm) for a nominal displacement per cylinder of 92 cu in (1,510 cc), from which the Series 92 derives its name.
The direct injection pump is a Bosch CP4 with two heads, helping to produce torque of around 400 N⋅m (300 lb⋅ft) even at low engine speeds. The D3/D4 bore remains the same as in the D5, but with a 77 mm (3.0 in) stroke the displacement is brought down to 1,984 cc (121.1 cu in), keeping it below the vital two-litre threshold in many countries.
Early in the 1950s scientists discovered that vehicle emissions were a significant factor that had been causing the air quality to deteriorate. [7] This led to the introduction of vehicle emissions standards in California in 1966, furthermore due to the seriousness of the problem, in 1970 the Clean Air Act was introduced in order to regulate these standards all over the United States. [7]