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The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR or sed rate) is the rate at which red blood cells in anticoagulated whole blood descend in a standardized tube over a period of one hour. It is a common hematology test, and is a non-specific measure of inflammation .
Bladder cancer is most common in wealthier regions of the world, where exposure to certain carcinogens is highest. It is also common in places where schistosome infection is common, such as North Africa. [47] Bladder cancer is much more common in men than women; around 1.1% of men and 0.27% of women develop bladder cancer. [2]
It accounts for 95% of bladder cancer cases and bladder cancer is in the top 10 most common malignancy disease in the world and is associated with approximately 200,000 deaths per year in the US. [2] [3] It is the second most common type of kidney cancer, but accounts for only five to 10 percent of all primary renal malignant tumors. [4]
The bladder tumour antigen (BTA) test is used in the detection of bladder cancer.It works by detecting raised levels of complement factor Hârelated protein (CFHrp), which is produced by cancer cells, in urine.
Hematuria can be classified according to visibility, anatomical origin, and timing of blood during urination. [1] [6]In terms of visibility, hematuria can be visible to the naked eye (termed "gross hematuria") and may appear red or brown (sometimes referred to as tea-colored), or it can be microscopic (i.e. not visible but detected with a microscope or laboratory test).
Cancer of the bladder is known as bladder cancer. It is usually due to cancer of the urothelium, the cells that line the surface of the bladder. Bladder cancer is more common after the age of 40, and more common in men than women; [33] other risk factors include smoking and exposure to dyes such as aromatic amines and aldehydes. [33]
Ureter cancer rarely causes problems in the early stages, but as the cancer progresses, there are often side effects. [5] Symptoms of ureteral cancer may include "blood in the urine (); diminished urine stream and straining to void (caused by urethral stricture); frequent urination and increased nighttime urination (); hardening of tissue in the perineum, labia, or penis; itching; incontinence ...
Surgical treatment of LUTS can include: Ablation procedures – used in treating both bladder tumours [22] and bladder outlet obstruction, such as prostate conditions. [23] Bladder-neck incision (BNI) Removal of the prostate – open, robotic, and endoscopic techniques are used. Stenting of the prostate [24] and urethra.