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Helium may be added to reduce the amount of nitrogen and oxygen in the gas mixture when diving deeper, to reduce the effects of narcosis and to avoid the risk of oxygen toxicity. This is complicated at depths beyond about 150 metres (500 ft), because a helium–oxygen mixture ( heliox ) then causes high pressure nervous syndrome. [ 1 ]
Narcosis results from breathing gases under elevated pressure, and may be classified by the principal gas involved. The noble gases, except helium and probably neon, [2] as well as nitrogen, oxygen and hydrogen cause a decrement in mental function, but their effect on psychomotor function (processes affecting the coordination of sensory or cognitive processes and motor activity) varies widely.
Irritant gases are those that, on inhalation, dissolve in the water of the respiratory tract mucosa and provoke an inflammatory response, usually from the release of acidic or alkaline radicals. [1] [2] Smoke, chlorine, phosgene, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen sulfide, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, and ammonia are common irritants.
The two foremost reasons for use of mixed breathing gases are the reduction of nitrogen partial pressure by dilution with oxygen, to make nitrox mixtures, to reduce nitrogen uptake during pressure exposure and accelerate nitrogen elimination during decompression, and the substitution of helium (and occasionally other gases) for the nitrogen to ...
Chest X-ray has been used for many years to diagnose pulmonary edema due to its wide availability and relatively cheap cost. [4] A chest X-ray will show fluid in the alveolar walls, Kerley B lines , increased vascular shadowing in a classical batwing peri- hilum pattern, upper lobe diversion (biased blood flow to the superior parts instead of ...
Bodies sweat to squeeze the heat out and water soaks up tons of heat, so it's a great system. When we sweat on a regular day, it all dries off eventually. That evaporation takes our body's extra ...
Subcutaneous emphysema has a characteristic crackling-feel to the touch, a sensation that has been described as similar to touching warm Rice Krispies. [2] This sensation of air under the skin is known as subcutaneous crepitation, a form of crepitus. Numerous etiologies of subcutaneous emphysema have been described.
Removal from water [9] immediately reverses the hydrostatic effect of immersion and reduces negative filling pressures and kept still, sitting in an upright position if they are conscious, which minimises exertion while encouraging return of fluids to the lower extremities. [3] Observation [9] Kept warm, to reduce peripheral vasoconstriction [3]