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The Black Death was a bubonic plague pandemic that occurred in Europe from 1346 to 1353. It was one of the most fatal pandemics in human history; as many as 50 million people [2] perished, perhaps 50% of Europe's 14th century population. [3] The disease is caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis and spread by fleas and through the air.
Depending on which form of the plague infects the individual, the plague develops a different illness; however, the plague overall affects the host cell's ability to communicate with the immune system, hindering the body bringing phagocytic cells to the area of infection. Y. pestis is a versatile killer.
Plague epidemics ravaged London in the 1563 London plague, in 1593, 1603, 1625, 1636, and 1665, [64] reducing its population by 10 to 30% during those years. [65] The 1665–66 Great Plague of London was the final major epidemic of the pandemic, with the last death of plague in the walled City of London recorded fourteen years later in 1679.
Plague of 746–747 (part of first plague pandemic) 746–747 Byzantine Empire, West Asia, Africa Bubonic plague: Unknown [45] Black Death (start of the second plague pandemic) 1346–1353 Eurasia and North Africa: Bubonic plague: 75–200 million (30–60% of European population and 33% percent of the Middle Eastern population) [49]
Plague remained a major event in Ottoman society until the second quarter of the 19th century. Between 1701 and 1750, 37 larger and smaller epidemics were recorded in Constantinople, and 31 between 1751 and 1800. [58] Baghdad has suffered severely from visitations of the plague, and sometimes two-thirds of its population has been wiped out. [59]
The bubonic plague was the most commonly seen form during the Black Death. The bubonic form of the plague has a mortality rate of thirty to seventy-five percent and symptoms include fever of 38–41 °C (101–105 °F), headaches, painful aching joints, nausea and vomiting, and a general feeling of malaise.
The septicemic plague was the least common of the three plague varieties that occurred during the Black Death from 1348 to 1350 [10] (the other two being bubonic plague and pneumonic plague). Like the others, septicemic plague spread from East Asia through trade routes on the Black Sea and down to the Mediterranean Sea. [citation needed]
The plague is considered the likely cause of the Black Death that swept through Asia, Europe, and Africa in the 14th century and killed an estimated 50 million people, [1] [10] including about 25% to 60% of the European population. [1] [11] Because the plague killed so many of the working population, wages rose due to the demand for labor. [11]