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A spin-zero particle can only have a single quantum state, even after torque is applied. Rotating a spin-2 particle 180° can bring it back to the same quantum state, and a spin-4 particle should be rotated 90° to bring it back to the same quantum state.
Once the ion gains electrons from its environment, the alpha particle becomes a normal (electrically neutral) helium atom 4 2 He. Alpha particles have a net spin of zero. When produced in standard alpha radioactive decay, alpha particles generally have a kinetic energy of about 5 MeV and a velocity in the vicinity of 4% of the speed of light.
A scalar boson is a boson whose spin equals zero. [1] A boson is a particle whose wave function is symmetric under particle exchange and therefore follows Bose–Einstein statistics. The spin–statistics theorem implies that all bosons have an integer-valued spin. [2] Scalar bosons are the subset of bosons with zero-valued spin.
Since bosons have integer spin and fermions odd half-integer spin, any composite particle made up of an even number of fermions is a boson. Composite bosons include: All mesons of every type; Stable nuclei with even mass numbers such as deuterium, helium-4 (the alpha particle), [9] carbon-12, lead-208, and many others. [b]
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The total spin of the helium-4 nucleus is an integer (zero), making it a boson. The superfluid behavior is a manifestation of Bose–Einstein condensation, which occurs only in collections of bosons. It is theorized that at 0.2 K and 50 atm, solid helium-4 may be a superglass (an amorphous solid exhibiting superfluidity). [1] [2] [3]
For spin greater than ħ / 2 , the RWE is not fixed by the particle's mass, spin, and electric charge; the electromagnetic moments (electric dipole moments and magnetic dipole moments) allowed by the spin quantum number are arbitrary. (Theoretically, magnetic charge would contribute also).
The physicist Steven Weinberg named the additional particle the "Z particle", [4] and later gave the explanation that it was the last additional particle needed by the model. The W bosons had already been named, and the Z bosons were named for having zero electric charge. [5] The two W bosons are verified mediators of neutrino absorption and ...