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Scholars have identified seven levels of authenticity which they have organized in a hierarchy ranging from literal authorship, meaning written in the author's own hand, to outright forgery: [11] Literal authorship. A church leader writes a letter in his own hand. Dictation. A church leader dictates a letter almost word for word to an amanuensis.
False attribution may refer to: Misattribution in general, when a quotation or work is accidentally, traditionally, or based on bad information attributed to the wrong person or group A specific fallacy where an advocate appeals to an irrelevant, unqualified, unidentified, biased, or fabricated source in support of an argument.
Being named as an author on many papers is good for an academic's career. Failure to adhere to authorship standards is rarely punished. [52] To avoid misreported authorship, a requirement that all authors describe the contribution they made to the study ("movie-style credits") has been advocated for. [53] Ghostwriters may be legally liable for ...
Guest authorship (where there is stated authorship in the absence of involvement, also known as gift authorship) and ghost authorship (where the real author is not listed as an author) are commonly regarded as forms of research misconduct. In some cases coauthors of faked research have been accused of inappropriate behavior or research ...
Plagiarism, in contrast, is concerned with the unearned increment to the plagiarizing author's reputation, or the obtaining of academic credit, that is achieved through false claims of authorship. Thus, plagiarism is considered a moral offense against the plagiarist's audience (for example, a reader, listener, or teacher).
Research articles in high energy physics, where the author lists can number in the tens to hundreds, often list authors alphabetically. In the academic fields of economics, business, finance or particle physics, it is also usual to sort the authors alphabetically. [38] Three main questions shape the scholarly debate on authorship order. [39]
He had submitted a manuscript for publication that was a word-for-word copy of a published paper written by another author. [ 234 ] In 2012, IEEE posted "Notice of Violation of IEEE Publication Principles" regarding a paper by Maruf Monwar, Waqar Haque and Padma Polash Paul presented at the 2007 Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer ...
This method allows the author to fix their mistakes from the original paper, and submit an edited version to take the original paper’s place. The journal can decide to retract the original paper then upload the fixed version online, usually with a notice placed stating “Retraction and Replacement,” or “Correction,” on the article page.