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2. Integration using Euler's formula - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integration_using_Euler's...

   In integral calculus, Euler's formula for complex numbers may be used to evaluate integrals involving trigonometric functions. Using Euler's formula, any trigonometric function may be written in terms of complex exponential functions, namely e i x {\displaystyle e^{ix}} and e − i x {\displaystyle e^{-ix}} and then integrated.

3. Euler's formula - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler's_formula

   In fact, the same proof shows that Euler's formula is even valid for all complex numbers x. A point in the complex plane can be represented by a complex number written in cartesian coordinates. Euler's formula provides a means of conversion between cartesian coordinates and polar coordinates. The polar form simplifies the mathematics when used ...

4. Tetration - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetration

   allowing for attempts to extend tetration to non-natural numbers such as real, complex, and ordinal numbers. The two inverses of tetration are called super-root and super-logarithm, analogous to the nth root and the logarithmic functions. None of the three functions are elementary. Tetration is used for the notation of very large numbers.

5. Euler's identity - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler's_identity

   The expression is a special case of the expression , where z is any complex number. In general, is defined for complex z by extending one of the definitions of the exponential function from real exponents to complex exponents. For example, one common definition is:

6. Complex number - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_number

   A complex number can be visually represented as a pair of numbers (a, b) forming a vector on a diagram called an Argand diagram, representing the complex plane. Re is the real axis, Im is the imaginary axis, and i is the "imaginary unit", that satisfies i 2 = −1.

7. cis (mathematics) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cis_(mathematics)

   x is the argument of the complex number (angle between line to point and x-axis in polar form). The notation is less commonly used in mathematics than Euler's formula , e ix , which offers an even shorter notation for cos x + i sin x , but cis(x) is widely used as a name for this function in software libraries .