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  2. Plasmodesma - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmodesma

    A typical plant cell may have between 1,000 and 100,000 plasmodesmata connecting it with adjacent cells [11] equating to between 1 and 10 per μm 2. [ 12 ] [ failed verification ] Plasmodesmata are approximately 50–60 nm in diameter at the midpoint and are constructed of three main layers, the plasma membrane , the cytoplasmic sleeve , and ...

  3. Bacterial cell structure - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_cell_structure

    Fimbriae usually function to facilitate the attachment of a bacterium to a surface (e.g. to form a biofilm) or to other cells (e.g. animal cells during pathogenesis). A few organisms (e.g. Myxococcus ) use fimbriae for motility to facilitate the assembly of multicellular structures such as fruiting bodies .

  4. Cell wall - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_wall

    Cells interact though plasmodesmata, which are inter-connecting channels of cytoplasm that connect to the protoplasts of adjacent cells across the cell wall. In some plants and cell types, after a maximum size or point in development has been reached, a secondary wall is constructed between the plasma membrane and primary wall. [ 26 ]

  5. Tunneling nanotube - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunneling_nanotube

    Cytonemes, however, do not always connect the membrane two cells and can act solely as environmental sensors. [28] Plasmodesmata have been identified as functional channels interconnecting plant cells, and stromules interconnect plastids. [47] [48] Myopodia are actin-rich cytoplasmic extensions which have been observed in embryonic Drosophila.

  6. Cell adhesion - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_adhesion

    Schematic of cell adhesion. Cell adhesion is the process by which cells interact and attach to neighbouring cells through specialised molecules of the cell surface. This process can occur either through direct contact between cell surfaces such as cell junctions or indirect interaction, where cells attach to surrounding extracellular matrix, a gel-like structure containing molecules released ...

  7. Protoplast - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protoplast

    Protoplast (from Ancient Greek πρωτόπλαστος (prōtóplastos) 'first-formed'), is a biological term coined by Hanstein in 1880 to refer to the entire cell, excluding the cell wall. [1] [2] Protoplasts can be generated by stripping the cell wall from plant, [3] bacterial, [4] [5] or fungal cells [5] [6] by mechanical, chemical or ...

  8. Meat grown from animal cells? Here's what it is and how it's made

    www.aol.com/news/meat-grown-animal-cells-heres...

    The U.S. government is allowing the sale of chicken made from animal cells. California companies Upside Foods and Good Meat were granted permission on Wednesday to sell their products by the ...

  9. Bacteria - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria

    Unlike cells of animals and other eukaryotes, bacterial cells do not contain a nucleus and rarely harbour membrane-bound organelles. Although the term bacteria traditionally included all prokaryotes, the scientific classification changed after the discovery in the 1990s that prokaryotes consist of two very different groups of organisms that ...