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One can see bubbles of gaseous O 2 formed by the coalescence of nascent atomic oxygen produced by the reaction between hydrogen peroxide and sulfuric acid. Piranha solution is used frequently in the microelectronics industry, e.g. to clean photoresist or organic material residue from silicon wafers .
nitric acid: basic chemicals, TNT: hydrogen sulfide: Claus process: vanadium pentoxide (heterogeneous) sulfur: remediation of byproduct of oil refinery: methane, ammonia: Andrussow process: platinum (heterogeneous) hydrogen cyanide: basic chemicals, gold mining extractant ethylene: epoxidation: mixed Ag oxides (heterogeneous) ethylene oxide ...
The radicals formed from alkenyl peroxides can be utilized in organic radical reactions. For example, they can mediate hydrogen atom abstraction reactions and thus lead to the functionalization of C-H bonds, [7] or they can be used to introduce ketone residues by addition of the alkenyloxyl radicals to alkenes. [8] [9] [10]
The turnover-limiting step of the reaction is the hydrolysis step; therefore, sulfuric acid is added to increase the rate of this step. [ 17 ] [ 18 ] Manganese is also used in dihydroxylation and is often chosen when osmium tetroxide methods yield poor results. [ 18 ]
The Milas hydroxylation is an organic reaction converting an alkene to a vicinal diol, and was developed by Nicholas A. Milas in the 1930s. [1] [2] The cis-diol is formed by reaction of alkenes with hydrogen peroxide and either ultraviolet light or a catalytic osmium tetroxide, [3] vanadium pentoxide, or chromium trioxide.
The first stage of Fenton's reaction (oxidation of Fe 3+ with hydrogen peroxide) is used in Haber–Weiss reaction; Fenton's reagent can be used in organic synthesis reactions: e.g. hydroxylation of arenes via a free radical substitution; Conversion of benzene into phenol by using Fenton's reagent; Oxidation of barbituric acid into alloxan.
Whereas many hydroxylations insert O atoms into C−H bonds, some reactions add OH groups to unsaturated substrates. The Sharpless dihydroxylation is such a reaction: it converts alkenes into diols. The hydroxy groups are provided by hydrogen peroxide, which adds across the double bond of alkenes. [12]
The Dakin oxidation can occur in mild acidic conditions as well, with a mechanism analogous to the base-catalyzed mechanism. In methanol, hydrogen peroxide, and catalytic sulfuric acid, the carbonyl oxygen is protonated (14), after which hydrogen peroxide adds as a nucleophile to the carbonyl carbon, forming a tetrahedral intermediate (15).