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Figure 1. Early Symptoms of HIV. The stages of HIV infection are acute infection (also known as primary infection), latency, and AIDS.Acute infection lasts for several weeks and may include symptoms such as fever, swollen lymph nodes, inflammation of the throat, rash, muscle pain, malaise, and mouth and esophageal sores.
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Symptoms of HIV in a child will vary depending on the age of presentation. Common symptoms include failure to thrive, recurrent infections such as pneumonia, intermittent diarrhea, swollen lymph nodes and oral thrush. In infants, diagnostic testing for HIV relies of detection of the virus in the bloodstream.
Disease in a baby can often be prevented by giving both the mother and child antiretroviral medication. [4] Recognized worldwide in the early 1980s, [21] HIV/AIDS has had a large impact on society, both as an illness and as a source of discrimination. [22] The disease also has large economic impacts. [22]
WHO Disease Staging System for HIV Infection and Disease was first produced in 1990 by the World Health Organization [1] and updated in 2007. [2] It is an approach for use in resource limited settings and is widely used in Africa and Asia and has been a useful research tool in studies of progression to symptomatic HIV disease .
Notably, if an HIV diagnosis is diagnosed and appropriately treated, symptoms and complications in the infant are rare. Without ART therapy, infants born with HIV have a poor prognosis. If symptoms develop, the most common include persistent fevers, generalized lymph node swelling, enlarged spleen and/or liver, growth failure, and diarrhea.
Although the symptoms of immunodeficiency (characteristic of AIDS) do not appear for years after a person is infected, the bulk of CD4 + T cell loss occurs during the first weeks of infection, especially in the intestinal mucosa, which harbors the majority of the lymphocytes found in the body. [4]
When an infant is born to an HIV-infected mother, diagnosis of an HIV infection is complicated by the presence of maternal anti-HIV IgG antibody, which crosses the placenta to the fetus. Indeed, virtually all children born to HIV-infected mothers are HIV-antibody positive at birth, although only 15%-30% are actually infected.