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A few Sikh groups have put pressure on universities to stifle academic criticism of popular Sikh literature and theories of Sikh history. [21] In the early 1990s, Pashaura Singh, an academic of the Macleodian school, was campaigned against for challenging the authenticity of Guru Granth Sahib. Singh was pressured to withdraw sections of his thesis.
He felt that the Akal Sena was not living up to the challenge and sought to reform the Sikh military forces. [3] Therefore, it was replaced by the Khalsa Fauj after the formalization of the Khalsa order into the sanctified framework of Sikhism at Anandpur on 13 April 1699. [3] Guru Gobind Singh had an ultimate vision of Sikh sovereignty. [4]
A Sikh state is a political entity that is ruled by Sikhs. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] There were various Sikh states, empires, and dynasties, beginning with the first Sikh state established by Banda Singh Bahadur to the Sikh-ruled princely states of British India .
The year 1469 marks the birth of Guru Nanak, the founder of Sikhism. He was succeeded by nine other human gurus until, in 1708, the Guruship was finally passed on by the tenth guru to the holy Sikh scripture, Guru Granth Sahib, which is now considered the living Guru by the followers of the Sikh faith. [3]
The Sikhs were brought to Delhi in a procession with the 780 Sikh prisoners, 2,000 Sikh heads hung on spears, and 700 cartloads of heads of slaughtered Sikhs used to terrorise the population. [ 74 ] [ 75 ] They were put in the Delhi fort and pressured to give up their faith and become Muslims. [ 76 ]
The Sikh Reference Book is his magnum opus. [4] The Sikh Reference Book is an encyclopedia consisting of more than 2400 biographies, a chronology of Sikh history, 400 concepts of Sikh philosophy, and 800 Sikh shrines. He has produced a Sikh Encyclopedia CD-ROM.
The Sikh Empire, officially known as Sarkār-i-Khālsa and Khālasa Rāj, [citation needed] was a regional power based in the Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent. [7] It existed from 1799, when Maharaja Ranjit Singh captured Lahore, to 1849, when it was defeated and conquered by the British East India Company in the Second Anglo-Sikh War.
"The Rise of the Honorable Guru Panth/Sikh Community"), [1] is a historical text about Sikh history in the 1700s by Rattan Singh Bhangu and was completed in the early 1810s. [ note 1 ] [ 2 ] The text's opening foundation briefly covers the lives of the ten Sikh Gurus, then traces the accomplishments of the Sikh community from 1708 to the ...