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2. Water–cement ratio - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water–cement_ratio

   Concrete hardens as a result of the chemical reaction between cement and water (known as hydration and producing heat). For every mass (kilogram, pound, or any unit of weight) of cement (c), about 0.35 mass of water (w) is needed to fully complete the hydration reactions. [1]

3. Compressive strength - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressive_strength

   Cubic or cylindrical samples of concrete are tested under a compression testing machine to measure this value. Test requirements vary by country based on their differing design codes. Use of a Compressometer is common. As per Indian codes, compressive strength of concrete is defined as: Field cured concrete in cubic steel molds (Greece)

4. Foam Index - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foam_Index

   The Foam Index Test was developed to measure capacities of AEA for cement-mineral admixtures during concrete mixing. [2] The Foam Index Test is a laboratory titration procedure which determines the AEA absorption on fly ash or fly ash and cement mixtures. An AEA is titrated into a fly ash and cement suspension and the suspension is shaken.

5. How Cities Are Using Nature-Based Solutions to Tackle Floods

   www.aol.com/news/cities-using-nature-based...

   Hard engineering solutions, made from materials like concrete, are designed to get rid of water as fast as possible, says Alday, “which means you are creating a cannon.”

6. Schmidt hammer - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schmidt_hammer

   The test hammer hits the concrete at a defined energy. Its rebound is dependent on the hardness of the concrete and is measured by the test equipment. By reference to a conversion chart, the rebound value can be used to determine the concrete's compressive strength. When conducting the test, the hammer should be held at right angles to the ...

7. Properties of concrete - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Properties_of_concrete

   Concrete has a very low coefficient of thermal expansion, and as it matures concrete shrinks. All concrete structures will crack to some extent, due to shrinkage and tension. Concrete which is subjected to long-duration forces is prone to creep. The density of concrete varies, but is around 2,400 kilograms per cubic metre (150 lb/cu ft). [1]