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Lithium niobate (Li Nb O 3) is a synthetic salt consisting of niobium, lithium, and oxygen. Its single crystals are an important material for optical waveguides, mobile phones, piezoelectric sensors, optical modulators and various other linear and non-linear optical applications. [6] Lithium niobate is sometimes referred to by the brand name ...
For the amplitude modulation some operating principles are the Franz-Keldysh effect, quantum confined Stark effect, and electrical gating. The plasma dispersion effect can be based on carrier injection, depletion, or accumulation. The most established Pockels type modulators are based on the lithium niobate on silicon platform.
The Pockels effect occurs in crystals that lack inversion symmetry, such as monopotassium phosphate (KH 2 PO 4, abbr. KDP), potassium dideuterium phosphate (KD 2 PO 4, abbr. KD*P or DKDP), lithium niobate (LiNbO 3), beta-barium borate (BBO), barium titanate (BTO) and in other non-centrosymmetric media such as electric-field poled polymers or ...
Lithium niobate (LiNbO3) is an ideal modulator for low loss mode. It is highly effective at matching fibre input–output due to its low index and broad transparency window. For more complex PICs, lithium niobate can be formed into large crystals. As part of project ELENA, there is a European initiative to stimulate production of LiNbO3-PICs.
Recently introduced lithium niobate crystals allow for high-repetition rate operation (> 100 kHz) owing to their high acoustic velocity. The AOPDF is also used for the active control of the carrier-envelope phase of few-cycle optical pulses, [3] as a part of pulse-measurement schemes [4] and multi-dimensional spectroscopy techniques.
For a given crystal orientation, only one of these types of SHG occurs. In general to utilise Type 0 interactions a quasi-phase-matching crystal type will be required, for example periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN).
Internally, it is a resonant electro-optic modulator, with the capability of generating hundreds of sidebands with total span of at least 3 terahertz (limited by the optical dispersion of the lithium niobate crystal) and frequency spacing of 17 GHz.
Lithium niobate offers a large second-order optical nonlinearity, enabling generation of photon pairs via spontaneous parametric down-conversion. This can also be leveraged to manipulate phase and perform mode conversion at high speeds, and offers a promising route to feed-forward for quantum computation, multiplexed (deterministic) single ...