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It has been reported in scuba divers, [4] [5] apnea (breath hold) free-diving competitors, [6] combat swimmers, and triathletes. [2] [7] The causes are incompletely understood as of 2010. [2] [8] [9] Some authors believe that SIPE may be the leading cause of death among recreational scuba divers, but there is insufficient evidence at present. [3]
On ascent from a dive, inert gas comes out of solution in a process called "outgassing" or "offgassing". Under normal conditions, most offgassing occurs by gas exchange in the lungs . [ 9 ] [ 10 ] If inert gas comes out of solution too quickly to allow outgassing in the lungs then bubbles may form in the blood or within the solid tissues of the ...
In the United States, it is common for medical insurance not to cover treatment for the bends that is the result of recreational diving. This is because scuba diving is considered an elective and "high-risk" activity and treatment for decompression sickness is expensive.
Breath-hold victims typically black out close to the surface, sometimes even as they break surface, and have been seen to approach the surface without apparent distress only to sink away. Breath-hold victims are usually established practitioners of deep breath-hold diving, are fit, strong swimmers and have not experienced problems before.
Freediving blackout, breath-hold blackout, [1] or apnea blackout is a class of hypoxic blackout, a loss of consciousness caused by cerebral hypoxia towards the end of a breath-hold (freedive or dynamic apnea) dive, when the swimmer does not necessarily experience an urgent need to breathe and has no other obvious medical condition that might have caused it.
The most frequent known root cause for diving fatalities is running out of, or low on, breathing gas, but the reasons for this are not specified, probably due to lack of data. Other factors cited include buoyancy control, entanglement or entrapment, rough water, equipment misuse or problems and emergency ascent. The most common injuries and ...
Use of surface supplied breathing equipment. [7] Running out of breathing gas because of being trapped or lost in enclosed spaces underwater, such as caves or shipwrecks. [23] Appropriate safety equipment and procedures to avoid getting lost (cave lines). [23] Specific training for overhead diving. See cave diving and wreck diving. [23]
Diving disorders are medical conditions specifically arising from underwater diving. The signs and symptoms of these may present during a dive, on surfacing, or up to several hours after a dive. The principal conditions are decompression illness (which covers decompression sickness and arterial gas embolism ), nitrogen narcosis , high pressure ...