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Carol Dweck identified two different mindsets regarding intelligence beliefs. The entity theory of intelligence refers to an individual's belief that abilities are fixed traits. [4] For entity theorists, if perceived ability to perform a task is high, the perceived possibility for mastery is also high.
A well-known example of a contrasting mindset is fixed versus growth. A mindset refers to an established set of attitudes of a person or group concerning culture, values, philosophy, frame of reference, outlook, or disposition. [1] [2] It may also arise from a person's worldview or beliefs about the meaning of life. [3]
Cognitive flexibility [note 1] is an intrinsic property of a cognitive system often associated with the mental ability to adjust its activity and content, switch between different task rules and corresponding behavioral responses, maintain multiple concepts simultaneously and shift internal attention between them. [1]
Rigidity can be a learned behavioral trait; for example, if the subject has a parent, boss, or teacher who demonstrated the same form of behavior towards them. [ citation needed ] Rigidity also has a genetic component and is commonly associated with autism .
Functional fixedness is a cognitive bias that limits a person to use an object only in the way it is traditionally used. The concept of functional fixedness originated in Gestalt psychology, a movement in psychology that emphasizes holistic processing.
However, the adaptive expert chef clearly demonstrates flexible knowledge and performance of sushi-making. Learning Scientists are interested in adaptive expertise, in part because they would like to understand the types of learning trajectories that may allow practitioners break free from routines when necessary.
An example of a fixed budget would be one used by a couple that is retired and living on social security benefits and regular disbursements from their 401(k). There is no monthly variation in ...
Cognitive skills [a] are skills of the mind, as opposed to other types of skills such as motor skills or social skills. Some examples of cognitive skills are literacy , self-reflection , logical reasoning , abstract thinking , critical thinking , introspection and mental arithmetic .