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Electrode potentials of successive elementary half-reactions cannot be directly added. However, the corresponding Gibbs free energy changes (∆G°) must satisfy ∆G° = – z FE°, where z electrons are transferred, and the Faraday constant F is the conversion factor describing Coulombs transferred per mole electrons. Those Gibbs free energy ...
The order of reactivity, as shown by the vigour of the reaction with water or the speed at which the metal surface tarnishes in air, appears to be Cs > K > Na > Li > alkaline earth metals, i.e., alkali metals > alkaline earth metals, the same as the reverse order of the (gas-phase) ionization energies.
Elimination reaction of cyclohexanol to cyclohexene with sulfuric acid and heat [1] An elimination reaction is a type of organic reaction in which two substituents are removed from a molecule in either a one- or two-step mechanism. [2] The one-step mechanism is known as the E2 reaction, and the two-step mechanism is known as the E1 reaction ...
Both factors are actually distinct, and both commonly depend on temperature. For example, it is commonly asserted that the reactivity of alkali metals (Na, K, etc.) increases down the group in the periodic table, or that hydrogen's reactivity is evidenced by its reaction with oxygen. In fact, the rate of reaction of alkali metals (as evidenced ...
The values in the table show that this is due to both activation enthalpy and entropy factors. [ 79 ] The ion [Al(H 2 O) 6 ] 3+ is relatively inert to substitution reactions because its electrons are effectively in a closed shell electronic configuration, [Ne]3s 2 3p 6 , making dissociation an energy-expensive reaction.
Bond energy and bond-dissociation energy are measures of the binding energy between the atoms in a chemical bond. It is the energy required to disassemble a molecule into its constituent atoms. This energy appears as chemical energy, such as that released in chemical explosions, the burning of chemical fuel and biological processes. Bond ...
The order of sequence of atomic orbitals (according to Madelung rule or Klechkowski rule) can be remembered by the following. [2] Order in which orbitals are arranged by increasing energy according to the Madelung rule. Each diagonal red arrow corresponds to a different value of n + l.
The requirement for a good leaving group is still relaxed in the case of C=C bond formation via E1cB mechanisms, but because of the relative weakness of the C=C double bond, the reaction still exhibits some leaving group sensitivity. Notably, changing the leaving group's identity (and willingness to leave) can change the nature of the mechanism ...