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MIRACL, or Mid-Infrared Advanced Chemical Laser, is a directed energy weapon developed by the US Navy. It is a deuterium fluoride laser, a type of chemical laser. The MIRACL laser first became operational in 1980. [1] It can produce over a megawatt of output for up to 70 seconds, [2] making it the most powerful continuous wave (CW) laser in the US.
Enthalpy (/ ˈ ɛ n θ əl p i / ⓘ) is the sum of a thermodynamic system's internal energy and the product of its pressure and volume. [1] It is a state function in thermodynamics used in many measurements in chemical, biological, and physical systems at a constant external pressure, which is conveniently provided by the large ambient atmosphere.
In a chemical reaction, chemical equilibrium is the state in which both the reactants and products are present in concentrations which have no further tendency to change with time, so that there is no observable change in the properties of the system. [1] This state results when the forward reaction proceeds at the same rate as the reverse ...
The COP is used in thermodynamics. The COP usually exceeds 1, especially in heat pumps, because instead of just converting work to heat (which, if 100% efficient, would be a COP of 1), it pumps additional heat from a heat source to where the heat is required. Most air conditioners have a COP of 3.5 to 5. [3]
Teams are averaging just 217 passing yards per game against Colorado and 5.3 yards per play. That’s a full 60 yards per game and one yard per play fewer than 2023.
[3] [4] [5] In a system in diffusion equilibrium, the chemical potential of any chemical species is uniformly the same everywhere throughout the system. [ 6 ] In semiconductor physics, the chemical potential of a system of electrons at zero absolute temperature is known as the Fermi level .
A separation process is a method that converts a mixture or a solution of chemical substances into two or more distinct product mixtures, [1] a scientific process of separating two or more substances in order to obtain purity. At least one product mixture from the separation is enriched in one or more of the source mixture's constituents.
A chemical equation is the symbolic representation of a chemical reaction in the form of symbols and chemical formulas.The reactant entities are given on the left-hand side and the product entities are on the right-hand side with a plus sign between the entities in both the reactants and the products, and an arrow that points towards the products to show the direction of the reaction. [1]