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Until 1986, the census required at least 50 per cent Māori ancestry to claim Māori affiliation. Currently, in most contexts, authorities require some documentation of ancestry or continuing cultural connection (such as acceptance by others as being of the people); however, there is no minimum ancestry requirement. [23] [iv]
No affiliation – 110,928 (in 2013) – includes New-Zealand-based Māori with no iwi affiliation Te Hiku, or Muriwhenua – 33,711 (in 2013) – group of iwi and hapū in the Northland region Ngāti Raukawa – 29,442 (in 2013) – group of iwi and hapū in the Waikato region, Taupō and Manawatū
This list includes groups recognised as iwi (tribes) in certain contexts. Many are also hapū (sub-tribes) of larger iwi. Moriori are included on this list. Although they are distinct from the Māori people, they share common ancestors.
Academic research examining Māori cultural and racial identity has been conducted since the 1990s. [11] The 1994 study by Mason Durie (Te Hoe Nuku Roa Framework: A Maori Identity Measure), Massey University's 2004 study of Maori cultural identity, and 2010's Multi-dimensional model of Maori identity and cultural engagement by Chris Sibley and Carla Houkamau have explored the concept in ...
Eastern Maori; Northern Maori; Southern Maori; Western Maori; Electorates in the 1996 election (Māori seats shown bottom-right) With the introduction of the MMP electoral system after 1993, the rules regarding the Māori electorates changed. Today, the number of electorates floats, meaning that the electoral population of a Māori seat can ...
The first Member of Parliament for Eastern Maori was Tareha Te Moananui, elected in 1868; he was the first Māori MP to speak in Parliament, and he retired in 1870. James Carroll represented the electorate from 1887 to 1893, but in 1893 he changed to the Waiapu electorate and was replaced by Wi Pere who Carroll had defeated in 1887.
Southern Maori was one of New Zealand's four original parliamentary Māori electorates established in 1868, along with Northern Maori, Western Maori and Eastern Maori. In 1996 , with the introduction of MMP , the Maori electorates were updated, and Southern Maori was replaced with the Te Tai Tonga and Te Puku O Te Whenua electorates.
As named [5] divisions of iwi (tribes), [6] hapū membership is determined by genealogical descent; a hapū consists of a number of whānau (extended family) groups. The Māori scholar Hirini Moko Mead states the double meanings of the word hapū emphasise the importance of being born into a hapū group.