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2. Backflow prevention device - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backflow_prevention_device

   Backflow prevention device. The simplest, most reliable way to provide backflow prevention is to provide an air gap.An air gap is simply an open vertical space between any device that connects to a plumbing system (like a valve or faucet) and any place where contaminated water can collect or pool.

3. Reduced pressure zone device - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reduced_pressure_zone_device

   A reduced pressure zone device (RPZD, RPZ, or RPZ valve) is a type of backflow prevention device used to protect water supplies from contamination. RPZDs may also be known as reduced pressure principle (RP), reduced pressure principle backflow prevention devices, [1] [2] reduced pressure zone assemblies (RPZA), [3] or reduced pressure principle ...

4. Atmospheric vacuum breaker - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_vacuum_breaker

   AVBs must be installed a minimum of 6 inches above the highest usage point in the system (i.e. sprinkler, drip emitter, etc.) Underground installation of AVBs is entirely ineffectual in providing backflow protection as groundwater in the underground vault could be drawn into the water system, contaminating it.

5. Double check valve - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_check_valve

   A double check valve or double check assembly (DCA) is a backflow prevention device designed to protect water supplies from contamination. [1] It is different from the two-way check valves (sometimes erroneously referred to as double check valves) used in air brake systems on heavy trucks which select from the highest pressure source.

6. Backflow - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backflow

   Backflow occurs for one of two reasons, either back pressure or back siphonage. [1] Back pressure is the result of a higher pressure in the system than in its supply, i.e. the system pressure has been increased by some means. This may occur in unvented heating systems, where thermal expansion increases the pressure.

7. Air gap (plumbing) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_gap_(plumbing)

   This arrangement prevents any contaminants in the sink from entering into the potable water system by siphonage; this is the simplest form of backflow prevention. A common use of the term "air gap" in domestic plumbing refers to a specialized fixture that provides backflow prevention for an installed dishwasher. This "air gap" is visible above ...