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Halogenation of benzene where X is the halogen, catalyst represents the catalyst (if needed) and HX represents the protonated base. A few types of aromatic compounds, such as phenol , will react without a catalyst , but for typical benzene derivatives with less reactive substrates, a Lewis acid is required as a catalyst .
The chemical complexity of coffee is emerging, especially due to observed physiological effects which cannot be related only to the presence of caffeine. Moreover, coffee contains an exceptionally substantial amount of antioxidants such as chlorogenic acids, hydroxycinnamic acids, caffeine and Maillard reaction products, such as melanoidins. [3]
The content of phenols in rosé wine (82 mg/100 ml) is intermediate between that in red and white wines. In winemaking, the process of maceration or "skin contact" is used to increase the concentration of phenols in wine. Phenolic acids are found in the pulp or juice of the wine and can be commonly found in white wines which usually do not go ...
In chemistry, halogenation is a chemical reaction which introduces one or more halogens into a chemical compound. Halide-containing compounds are pervasive, making this type of transformation important, e.g. in the production of polymers, drugs. [1] This kind of conversion is in fact so common that a comprehensive overview is challenging.
A chlorophenol is any organochloride of phenol that contains one or more covalently bonded chlorine atoms. There are five basic types of chlorophenols (mono- to pentachlorophenol) and 19 different chlorophenols in total when positional isomerism is taken into account. Chlorophenols are produced by electrophilic halogenation of phenol with ...
An enzyme-catalyzed transhalogenation. As a halogen source for transhalogenation, metal halides (such as sodium fluoride or lithium fluoride) are often used, but also the use of onium halides is possible. [2]
Caffenol is a photographic alternative process whereby phenols, sodium carbonate and optionally vitamin C are used in aqueous solution as a film and print photographic developer. [1] [2] Other basic (as opposed to acidic) chemicals can be used in place of sodium carbonate; however, sodium carbonate is the most common. [1]
Companies based in San Diego (4 C, 251 P) S. ... Pages in category "Economy of San Diego" The following 12 pages are in this category, out of 12 total.