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Racism is the belief that groups of humans possess different behavioral traits corresponding to inherited attributes and can be divided based on the superiority of one race or ethnicity over another. [1] [2] [3] It may also mean prejudice, discrimination, or antagonism directed against other people because they are of a different ethnic ...
Racism against Arab Americans [291] and racialized Islamophobia against American Muslims have risen concomitantly with tensions between the American government and the Islamic world. [292] Since the September 11, 2001, attacks in the United States, discrimination and racialized violence has markedly increased against Arab Americans and many ...
Racism in African cultures is connected to the opportunities received in life, virus susceptibility, and tribal traditions. For example, in the north, an indirect policy of rule settled a new way of life between the colonizing government and the Fulani- Hausa ruling class.
Much of this has been a product of systemic racism. A 2019 study, for instance, found that redlining — the government-sanctioned effort to segregate communities of color that began in the 1930s ...
Linguistic discrimination was at first considered an act of racism. In the mid-1980s, linguist Tove Skutnabb-Kangas captured the idea of language-based discrimination as linguicism, which was defined as "ideologies and structures which are used to legitimize, effectuate, and reproduce unequal divisions of power and resources (both material and ...
Racism and discrimination can evolve to hate speech and hate crimes. State officials have noted an increase in hate crimes in recent years among all ethnicities and sexual orientation.
Prejudice plus power, also known as R = P + P, is a stipulative definition of racism used in the United States. [1] Patricia Bidol-Padva first proposed this definition in a 1970 book, where she defined racism as "prejudice plus institutional power."
Covert racism in language, or coded racism, is the deployment of common stereotypes or tropes to elucidate a racially charged idea. Rather than expressly perpetuating racist tropes, covert linguistic racism is seen as rational or "common sense", and many are not aware of its impact. [ 15 ]