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Note that Hindi–Urdu transliteration schemes can be used for Punjabi as well, for Gurmukhi (Eastern Punjabi) to Shahmukhi (Western Punjabi) conversion, since Shahmukhi is a superset of the Urdu alphabet (with 2 extra consonants) and the Gurmukhi script can be easily converted to the Devanagari script.
However, the writing of Punjabi in the Perso-Arabic script is well-attested from the 17th century onwards. [10] According to Dhavan, Punjabi began to adopt the script as a "side effect" of educational practices in Mughal -era Punjab , when Punjabi Muslims learned the Persian language in order to participate in Mughal society.
One notable example is the teaching of Punjabi language and literature by the University of the Punjab in Lahore which began in 1970 with the establishment of its Punjabi Department. [ 89 ] [ 90 ] In the cultural sphere, there are many books, plays, and songs being written or produced in the Punjabi-language in Pakistan.
The Shahmukhī script, a variant of the Urdu alphabet, is used to write the Punjabi language in Pakistan. Usually, bare transliterations of Urdu into Roman letters, Roman Urdu, omit many phonemic elements that have no equivalent in English or other languages commonly written in the Latin script.
Urdu was the dominant native language among Christians of Karachi and Lahore in present-day Pakistan and Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh Rajasthan in India, during the early part of the 19th and 20th century, and is still used by Christians in these places. Pakistani and Indian Christians often used the Roman script for writing Urdu.
18th century fresco of a woman writing in Gurmukhi from Pothimala, Guru Harsahai, Punjab. The prevalent view among Punjabi linguists is that as in the early stages the Gurmukhī letters were primarily used by the Guru's followers, gurmukhs (literally, those who face, or follow, the Guru, as opposed to a manmukh ); the script thus came to be ...
A litter of two-week old puppies was crammed into a bucket and abandoned alongside a road in Union County, New Jersey on Thursday, police said. The nine puppies were found...
Pakistani literature (Urdu: ادبیاتِ پاکستان) is a distinct literature that gradually came to be defined after Pakistan gained nationhood status in 1947, emerging out of literary traditions of the South Asia. [1]