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  2. Indirect speech - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indirect_speech

    In linguistics, speech or indirect discourse is a grammatical mechanism for reporting the content of another utterance without directly quoting it. For example, the English sentence Jill said she was coming is indirect discourse while Jill said "I'm coming" would be direct discourse.

  3. Object (grammar) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object_(grammar)

    In linguistics, an object is any of several types of arguments. [1] In subject-prominent, nominative-accusative languages such as English, a transitive verb typically distinguishes between its subject and any of its objects, which can include but are not limited to direct objects, [2] indirect objects, [3] and arguments of adpositions (prepositions or postpositions); the latter are more ...

  4. Grammatical relation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_relation

    The direct object the book is acted upon by the subject, and the indirect object Susan receives the direct object or otherwise benefits from the action. Traditional grammars often begin with these rather vague notions of the grammatical functions.

  5. Verbum dicendi - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbum_dicendi

    A complement of a verbum dicendi can be direct or indirect speech. Direct speech is a single unit of linguistic object that is '"mentioned" rather than used.' [1] In contrast, indirect speech is a proposition whose parts make semantic and syntactic contribution to the whole sentence just like parts of the matrix clause (i.e. the main clause/sentence, as opposed to an embedded clause).

  6. Content clause - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Content_clause

    Notice how, in English (and in some other languages), different syntax is used in direct and indirect questions: direct questions normally use subject-verb inversion, while indirect questions do not. Reported questions (as in the last of the examples) are also subject to the tense and other changes that apply generally in indirect speech.

  7. Predicate (grammar) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predicate_(grammar)

    These elements are objects (direct, indirect, prepositional), predicatives, and adjuncts: She dances. — Verb-only predicate. Ben reads the book. — Verb-plus-direct-object predicate. Ben's mother, Felicity, gave me a present. — Verb-plus-indirect-object-plus-direct-object predicate. She listened to the radio.

  8. Grammatical case - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_case

    dem Seemann(e) "[to/for] the sailor" [as an indirect object] (e.g. Ich gab dem Seemann ein Geschenk – I gave a present to the sailor) den Seemann "the sailor" [as a direct object] (e.g. Ich sah den Seemann – I saw the sailor) An example with the feminine definite article with the German word for "woman".

  9. Dative shift - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dative_shift

    In this oblique dative sentence [John sent a letter to Mary], the verb, [sent], and its indirect object, [to Mary], make up a constituent that excludes the direct object [a letter]. The OD form therefore involves an underlying verb phrase (VP) whose subject is [a letter] and whose object is [(to) Mary].