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2. List of U.S. state minerals, rocks, stones and gemstones

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._state...

   In 1986, California named benitoite as its state gemstone, a form of the mineral barium titanium silicate that is unique to the Golden State and only found in gem quality in San Benito County. [ 80 ] ^ Colorado is the only state whose geological symbols reflect the national flag's colors: red (rhodochrosite), white (yule marble), and blue ...

3. Gemstone - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemstone

   Gemstone. Group of precious and semiprecious stones—both uncut and faceted—including ( clockwise from top left) diamond, uncut synthetic sapphire, ruby, uncut emerald, and amethyst crystal cluster. A gemstone (also called a fine gem, jewel, precious stone, semiprecious stone, or simply gem) is a piece of mineral crystal which, when cut or ...

4. Tanzanite - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzanite

   Pleochroism. Present, dichroism or trichroism, depending on heat treatment. Tanzanite is the blue and violet variety of the mineral zoisite (a calcium aluminium hydroxyl sorosilicate ), caused by small amounts of vanadium. [ 3] Tanzanite belongs to the epidote mineral group. Tanzanite is only found in Simanjiro District of Manyara Region in ...

5. Gemological Institute of America - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemological_Institute_of...

   The Gemological Institute of America ( GIA) is a nonprofit institute based in Carlsbad, California. It is dedicated to research and education in the field of gemology and the jewelry arts. [ 1] Founded in 1931, GIA's mission is to protect buyers and sellers of gemstones by setting and maintaining the standards used to evaluate gemstone quality.

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7. List of gemstones by species - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_gemstones_by_species

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8. Diamond (gemstone) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_(gemstone)

   Diamond[ a] is a gemstone formed by cutting a raw diamond. Diamonds are one of the best-known and most sought-after gems, and they have been used as decorative items since ancient times. The hardness of diamond and its high dispersion of light —giving the diamond its characteristic "fire"—make it useful for industrial applications and ...

9. Carbuncle (gemstone) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbuncle_(gemstone)

   Carbuncle ( / ˈkɑːrbʌŋkəl /) is another name for a deep red almandine gemstone that has been cut with a smooth, convex face in a method called cabochon. [ 1] Traditionally, the term referred to any red gemstone, most often a red garnet. [ 2] Carbuncles and their chimeras have spanned three millennia. Intermingling red gems until the time ...