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A Fredholm equation is an integral equation in which the term containing the kernel function (defined below) has constants as integration limits. A closely related form is the Volterra integral equation which has variable integral limits. An inhomogeneous Fredholm equation of the first kind is written as.
Fredholm theory. In mathematics, Fredholm theory is a theory of integral equations. In the narrowest sense, Fredholm theory concerns itself with the solution of the Fredholm integral equation. In a broader sense, the abstract structure of Fredholm's theory is given in terms of the spectral theory of Fredholm operators and Fredholm kernels on ...
In mathematics, Fredholm's theorems are a set of celebrated results of Ivar Fredholm in the Fredholm theory of integral equations. There are several closely related theorems, which may be stated in terms of integral equations, in terms of linear algebra, or in terms of the Fredholm operator on Banach spaces. The Fredholm alternative is one of ...
In mathematics, the Fredholm alternative, named after Ivar Fredholm, is one of Fredholm's theorems and is a result in Fredholm theory. It may be expressed in several ways, as a theorem of linear algebra, a theorem of integral equations, or as a theorem on Fredholm operators. Part of the result states that a non-zero complex number in the ...
In mathematics, integral equations are equations in which an unknown function appears under an integral sign. [1] In mathematical notation, integral equations may thus be expressed as being of the form: where is an integral operator acting on u. Hence, integral equations may be viewed as the analog to differential equations where instead of the ...
The Liouville–Neumann series is defined as. which, provided that is small enough so that the series converges, is the unique continuous solution of the Fredholm integral equation of the second kind, a b {\displaystyle f (x)=\phi (x)-\lambda \int _ {a}^ {b}K (x,s)\phi (s)\,ds.} If the n th iterated kernel is defined as n −1 nested integrals ...
Fredholm solvability. In mathematics, Fredholm solvability encompasses results and techniques for solving differential and integral equations via the Fredholm alternative and, more generally, the Fredholm-type properties of the operator involved. The concept is named after Erik Ivar Fredholm. Let A be a real n × n -matrix and a vector.
If f(x) is a smooth function integrated over a small number of dimensions, and the domain of integration is bounded, there are many methods for approximating the integral to the desired precision. Numerical integration has roots in the geometrical problem of finding a square with the same area as a given plane figure ( quadrature or squaring ...